scholarly journals Effects of military basic training on VO2max, body composition, muscle strength and neural responses in conscripts of different aerobic condition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Kristiina Salo ◽  
Jarmo M. Piirainen ◽  
Minna M. Tanskanen-Tervo ◽  
Heikki Kyröläinen ◽  
Jukka Huovinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Neuromuscular Adaptations ◽  
V Wave ◽  
Military Basic Training

SummaryStudy aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate neuromuscular adaptations in conscripts with different fitness levels (VO2max) during 8 weeks of military basic training (BT).Material and methods: Twenty-four male conscripts (18–21 years) were divided into two groups (Good Fitness [GF] and Low fitness [LF]) based on their VO2max at the beginning of BT. Body mass (BM), fat free mass (FFM) and Fat% were measured after 2, 4, and 7 weeks of training. VO2max, maximal isometric leg press force (MVC), H-reflex (Hmax/Mmax) at rest and V-wave (V/Mmax) during maximal isometric plantarflexion were measured from the soleus muscle at the beginning, after 5, and after 8 weeks of training.Results: FFM decreased significantly in LF after 7 weeks of training (–3.0 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001), which was not observed in GF. Both GF (6.9 ± 4.6%, p < 0.01) and LF (5.7 ± 4.6%, p < 0.01) showed improved VO2max after 5 weeks, with no changes during the last 3 weeks. A main effect of training was observed in decreased leg press MVC (–7.3 ± 9.3%, F = 4.899, p < 0.05), with no between-group differences. V-wave was significantly lower in LF during 5 (–37.9%, p < 0.05) and 8 (–44.9%, p < 0.05) weeks.Conclusion: Poor development of the neuromuscular system during BT suggests that explosive and/or maximal strength training should be added to the BT protocol for all conscripts regardless of fitness level. In addition, individualized training periodization should be considered to optimize the training load.

scholarly journals "Pause-2-Play": a pilot schoolbased obesity prevention program

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Gregory Killough ◽  
Danielle Battram ◽  
Joanne Kurtz ◽  
Gillian Mandich ◽  
Laura Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Overweight Children ◽  
School Students ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Obesity Prevention Program

OBJECTIVES: "Pause-2-Play" is an obesity prevention program targeting screen-related sedentary behaviours and increasing physical activity among elementary school students. The program consisted of a Behavioural Modification Curriculum and a Health Promoting Afterschool Program. This pilot study reports program feasibility, practicability, and impact. METHODS: the 12-week pilot program was implemented with 32 grade five and six students. Program feasibility and practicability were assessed using a qualitative approach. Intervention effects were assessed by comparing pre-post changes in BMI, body composition, fitness scores, screen time, and cognitive variables related to screening viewing behaviours. RESULTS: "Pause-2-Play" was perceived as a useful, fun program with numerous benefits including: children trying new snacks, feeling fitter and better about one's own body shape, and becoming more aware of a healthy lifestyle. The intervention resulted in a statistically significant reduction in percent body fat and an increase in fat-free mass index in overweight children; a decrease in waist circumference and an increase in fat-free mass index were observed in normal weight children. The intervention also statistically improved fitness scores in both normal weight and overweight children. CONCLUSIONS: "Pause-2-Play" was feasible, practical, and favourably changed body composition and fitness level.

scholarly journals Reduced influence of perceptual context in schizophrenia: behavioral and neurophysiological evidence

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Pokorny ◽  
Timothy J. Lano ◽  
Michael-Paul Schallmo ◽  
Cheryl A. Olman ◽  
Scott R. Sponheim
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Contour Integration ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Contour Perception ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Intermediate Performance

Abstract Background Accurate perception of visual contours is essential for seeing and differentiating objects in the environment. Both the ability to detect visual contours and the influence of perceptual context created by surrounding stimuli are diminished in people with schizophrenia (SCZ). The central aim of the present study was to better understand the biological underpinnings of impaired contour integration and weakened effects of perceptual context. Additionally, we sought to determine whether visual perceptual abnormalities reflect genetic factors in SCZ and are present in other severe mental disorders. Methods We examined behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during the perception of simple linear contours embedded in similar background stimuli in 27 patients with SCZ, 23 patients with bipolar disorder (BP), 23 first-degree relatives of SCZ, and 37 controls. Results SCZ exhibited impaired visual contour detection while BP exhibited intermediate performance. The orientation of neighboring stimuli (i.e. flankers) relative to the contour modulated perception across all groups, but SCZ exhibited weakened suppression by the perceptual context created by flankers. Late visual (occipital P2) and cognitive (centroparietal P3) neural responses showed group differences and flanker orientation effects, unlike earlier ERPs (occipital P1 and N1). Moreover, behavioral effects of flanker context on contour perception were correlated with modulation in P2 & P3 amplitudes. Conclusion In addition to replicating and extending findings of abnormal contour integration and visual context modulation in SCZ, we provide novel evidence that the abnormal use of perceptual context is associated with higher-order sensory and cognitive processes.

Free fatty acid metabolism in aerobically fit individuals

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2374-2379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Calles-Escandon ◽  
P. Driscoll
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Systemic Delivery ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
The Impact

The impact of aerobic fitness level on the production and disposal of serum free fatty acids was investigated in 26 normal young volunteers. The fitness level was ascertained by history and confirmed by determination of maximal aerobic capacity. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation at rest were measured with indirect calorimetry. Free fatty acid turnover was measured with an infusion of [14C]palmitic acid. All tests were done > or = 48 h after the last bout of exercise. The sedentary (SED) volunteers had higher rates of systemic delivery of fatty acids than aerobically fit (FIT) individuals (532 +/- 53.4 vs. 353 +/- 62.3 mumol/min; P = 0.05). This difference was accentuated when the values were normalized to fat-free mass (9.2 +/- 0.8 and 5.9 +/- 0.98 mumol.kg-1.min-1 for SED and FIT, respectively). Fatty acid oxidation was similar between FIT and SED volunteers in absolute numbers (209 +/- 25 vs. 202 +/- 21 mumol/min, respectively; NS) as well as when normalized to fat-free mass (3.8 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.4 mumol.kg-1.min-1, respectively; NS). In contrast, the nonoxidative disposal of serum fatty acids was higher in SED (330 +/- 46.1 mumol/min) than in FIT individuals (144 +/- 52 mumol/min; P = 0.026). Thus, the ratio of nonoxidative to oxidative disposal rates of fatty acids was higher in SED than in FIT individuals (1.65 +/- 0.29 vs. 0.75 +/- 0.17; P = 0.021). The data support the hypothesis that high aerobic fitness level is associated with a low rate of systemic delivery of fatty acids at rest. Nevertheless, subjects with high aerobic fitness levels have fat oxidation at the same rate as unfit individuals.

scholarly journals Neural responses to peer rejection in anxious adolescents

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Y. F. Lau ◽  
Amanda E. Guyer ◽  
Erin B. Tone ◽  
Jessica Jenness ◽  
Jessica M. Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Peer Rejection ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Hippocampal Complex

Peer rejection powerfully predicts adolescent anxiety. While cognitive differences influence anxious responses to social feedback, little is known about neural contributions. Twelve anxious and twelve age-, gender- and IQ-matched, psychiatrically healthy adolescents received “not interested” and “interested” feedback from unknown peers during a chat room task administered in a neuroimaging scanner. No group differences emerged in subjective ratings to peer feedback, but all participants reported more negative emotion at being rejected (than accepted) by peers to whom they had assigned high-desirability ratings. Further highlighting the salience of such feedback, all adolescents, independently of anxiety levels, manifested elevated responses in the amygdala-hippocampal complex bilaterally, during the anticipation of feedback. However, anxious adolescents differed from healthy adolescents in their patterns of persistent amygdala-hippocampal activation following rejection. These data carry interesting implications for using neuroimaging data to inform psychotherapeutic approaches to social anxiety.

scholarly journals Changes in Muscle Activity among College Pitchers Using 5- to 12-Oz Weighted Baseball

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Won-Ho Choi ◽  
Yun-A Shin
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Basic Data ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Maximum Effort

OBJECTIVES Several studies have reported that weighted baseball (WB) training is effective in improving ball speed; however, the weight of the ball suitable for training remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the changes in muscle activity during pitching using 5- to12-oz WBs and to provide basic data for training programs to improve pitching speed.METHODS The subjects of this study were 10 overhand pitchers who had more than 5 years of experience. Muscle activity was measured and analyzed at 70–85% of throwing baseball maximum effort (TBME) during soft toss (ST) and TBME was evaluated using electromyography.RESULTS As the ball weight increased, muscle activity also increased in all pitching phases. Muscle activity was higher during ST with WBs heavier than 10 or 11oz than during TBME, indicating that the loads on the shoulder and elbow joint muscles increased. Conversely, muscle activity during ST with 5- to 7-oz WBs was lower than that during TBME, although phase and muscle group differences were observed.CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that training with 8- to 10-oz WBs could increase muscle strength and activity, although the effect may vary with fitness level and muscle strength.

scholarly journals Prioritizing interventions for preventing COVID-19 outbreaks in military basic training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Felipe Camargo Espana ◽  
Alex Perkins ◽  
Simon Pollett ◽  
Morgan Smith ◽  
Sean M Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
False Positive Test ◽  
Community Exposure ◽  
Training Need ◽  
Effective Transmission ◽  
Transmission Blocking Vaccine ◽  
Military Basic Training

Like other congregate living settings, military basic training has been subject to outbreaks of COVID-19. We sought to identify improved strategies for preventing outbreaks in this setting using an agent-based model of a hypothetical cohort of trainees on a U.S. Army post. Our analysis revealed unique aspects of basic training that require customized approaches to outbreak prevention, which draws attention to the possibility that customized approaches may be necessary in other settings, too. In particular, we showed that introductions by trainers and support staff may be a major vulnerability, given that those individuals remain at risk of community exposure throughout the training period. We also found that increased testing of trainees upon arrival could actually increase the risk of outbreaks, given the potential for false-positive test results to lead to susceptible individuals becoming infected in group isolation and seeding outbreaks in training units upon release. Until an effective transmission-blocking vaccine is adopted at high coverage by individuals involved with basic training, need will persist for non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent outbreaks in military basic training. Ongoing uncertainties about virus variants and breakthrough infections necessitate continued vigilance in this setting, even as vaccination coverage increases.

Total Institutions

2018 ◽  
pp. 668-688
Author(s):  
Jay Mechling
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Total Institution ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
Total Institutions ◽  
Military Basic Training

In his 1961 book, Asylums, Goffman introduces the concept of the “total institution,” a formal institution in which the staff has near-total control of the lives of the “inmates,” including where and when they sleep, eat, and socialize. Typical total institutions in American culture include hospitals (mental and otherwise), prisons, military basic training camps, other isolated military settings (e.g., onboard ships), boarding schools, summer camps, nursing homes, and cloistered religious institutions. The fact that the control is “near-total” rather than total opens the possibility that the “inmates” or “residents” will create their own folk traditions, including oral, material, and customary folklore. The folk cultures of residents serve their psychological and social needs, and the folklore often centers on resistance against the regime of control and surveillance by the staff.

scholarly journals Chronic optogenetic stimulation of hippocampal engrams variably modulates social behaviors in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Doucette ◽  
Heloise Leblanc ◽  
Amy Monasterio ◽  
Christine Cincotta ◽  
Stephanie L. Grella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Chronic Stimulation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe hippocampus processes both spatial-temporal information and emotionally salient experiences. To test the functional properties of discrete sets of cells in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), we examined whether chronic optogenetic reactivation of these ensembles was sufficient to modulate social behaviors in mice. We found that chronic reactivation of dDG cells in male mice was sufficient to enhance social behaviors in a female exposure task when compared to pre-stimulation levels. However, chronic reactivation of these cells was not sufficient to modulate group differences in a separate subset of social behaviors, and multi-region analysis of neural activity did not yield detectable differences in immediate-early gene expression or neurogenesis, suggesting a dissociation between our chronic stimulation-induced behavioral effects and underlying neural responses. Together, our results demonstrate that chronic optogenetic stimulation of cells processing valent experiences enduringly and unidirectionally modulates social interactions between male and female mice.

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