scholarly journals Fascinating Dendritic Cells—Sentinel Cells of the Immune System a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Z. Kiššová ◽  
Ľ. Tkáčiková
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tumour Immunity ◽  
System A ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized antigen presenting cells which have the unique ability to activate naive T-lymphocytes. Their role in the immune system is much more sophisticated than it seems, as they do not kill the pathogens directly, but provide a long-lasting antigen specific immune response thanks to that sufficiently bridging the innate and the adaptive immunity. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in studies of their role in immune regulation, autoimmune reactions, as well as in immune responses against pathogens and tumours. Processing and presentation capabilities of a highly specific and unique tumour antigen makes them an interesting tool for stimulating effective anti-tumour immunity. In vitro generations of DC represent a preferred model for more detailed studies of DC biology in other fields. The aim of this review was to discuss the main role of dendritic cells in the body as well as their current use as experimental models for further scientific studies.

scholarly journals Overview of Bovine Dendritic Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Kratochvílová ◽  
Petr Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Bone Marrow Derived Cells ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems

This article is an overview of dendritic cells (DCs) in cattle. The understanding of the immune system and the role of DCs in many ways can contribute to their use in the prevention and treatment of many infectious and autoimmune diseases. DCs are bone marrow-derived cells that function as professional antigen presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The morphology of DCs results in a very large surface to volume ratio. That is, the DCs have a very large surface area compared to the overall cell volume. Currently, most dendritic cells research occurs in the human and mice. There is a lack of studies in cattle describing DCs. DCs survey the body and collect information relevant to the immune system. They are then able to instruct and direct the adaptive arms to respond to challenges.

Infection and immunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 853-920
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

Antibody Response after Vaccination with Antigen-Pulsed Dendritic Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
F. Battaini ◽  
D. Besusso ◽  
L. Sfondrini ◽  
A. Rossini ◽  
D. Morelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Antigen Uptake ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system capable of initiating immune responses to antigens. It is also well documented that cancer patients often experience anergy against tumor antigens. In this study we selected the best protocol for inducing the production of antibodies against the HER2 oncoprotein using DCs to overcome anergy. Murine DCs were pulsed in vitro, using different protocols, with recombinant HER2 fused to a human Fc (in order to improve DC antigen uptake) and were used to vaccinate mice. The obtained results indicate that antigen-pulsed DCs can induce an antibody response and that adding CpG after antigen pulsing greatly increases anti-HER2 antibody production.

scholarly journals The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Dendritic Cells during Prion Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Andrew Mabbott ◽  
Barry Matthew Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Exposure Routes ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Secondary Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Brain

Prions are a unique group of proteinaceous pathogens which cause neurodegenerative disease and can be transmitted by a variety of exposure routes. After peripheral exposure, the accumulation and replication of prions within secondary lymphoid organs are obligatory for their efficient spread from the periphery to the brain where they ultimately cause neurodegeneration and death. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) are a heterogeneous population of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. These cells are abundant throughout the body and display a diverse range of roles based on their anatomical locations. For example, some MNP are strategically situated to provide a first line of defence against pathogens by phagocytosing and destroying them. Conventional DC are potent antigen presenting cells and migrate via the lymphatics to the draining lymphoid tissue where they present the antigens to lymphocytes. The diverse roles of MNP are also reflected in various ways in which they interact with prions and in doing so impact on disease pathogenesis. Indeed, some studies suggest that prions exploit conventional DC to infect the host. Here we review our current understanding of the influence of MNP in the pathogenesis of the acquired prion diseases with particular emphasis on the role of conventional DC.

scholarly journals RAB43 facilitates cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8α+ dendritic cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 213 (13) ◽  
pp. 2871-2883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Kretzer ◽  
Derek J. Theisen ◽  
Roxane Tussiwand ◽  
Carlos G. Briseño ◽  
Gary E. Grajales-Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cross Presentation ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles ◽  
Antigen Presenting

In this study, to examine cross-presentation by classical dendritic cells (DCs; cDCs), we evaluated the role of RAB43, a protein found to be selectively expressed by Batf3-dependent CD8α+ and CD103+ compared with other DC subsets and immune lineages. Using a specific monoclonal antibody, we localized RAB43 expression to the Golgi apparatus and LAMP1− cytoplasmic vesicles. Mice with germline or conditional deletion of Rab43 are viable and fertile and have normal development of cDCs but show a defect for in vivo and in vitro cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen. This defect is specific to cDCs, as Rab43-deficient monocyte-derived DCs showed no defect in cross-presentation of cell-associated antigen. These results suggest that RAB43 provides a specialized activity used in cross-presentation selectively by CD8α+ DCs but not other antigen-presenting cells.

scholarly journals KCNE4-dependent functional consequences of Kv1.3-related leukocyte physiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Vallejo-Gracia ◽  
Daniel Sastre ◽  
Magalí Colomer-Molera ◽  
Laura Solé ◽  
María Navarro-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immunological Synapse ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
System Physiology ◽  
Antigen Presenting

AbstractThe voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv1.3 plays essential roles in the immune system, participating in leukocyte activation, proliferation and apoptosis. The regulatory subunit KCNE4 acts as an ancillary peptide of Kv1.3, modulates K+ currents and controls channel abundance at the cell surface. KCNE4-dependent regulation of the oligomeric complex fine-tunes the physiological role of Kv1.3. Thus, KCNE4 is crucial for Ca2+-dependent Kv1.3-related leukocyte functions. To better understand the role of KCNE4 in the regulation of the immune system, we manipulated its expression in various leukocyte cell lines. Jurkat T lymphocytes exhibit low KCNE4 levels, whereas CY15 dendritic cells, a model of professional antigen-presenting cells, robustly express KCNE4. When the cellular KCNE4 abundance was increased in T cells, the interaction between KCNE4 and Kv1.3 affected important T cell physiological features, such as channel rearrangement in the immunological synapse, cell growth, apoptosis and activation, as indicated by decreased IL-2 production. Conversely, ablation of KCNE4 in dendritic cells augmented proliferation. Furthermore, the LPS-dependent activation of CY15 cells, which induced Kv1.3 but not KCNE4, increased the Kv1.3-KCNE4 ratio and increased the expression of free Kv1.3 without KCNE4 interaction. Our results demonstrate that KCNE4 is a pivotal regulator of the Kv1.3 channelosome, which fine-tunes immune system physiology by modulating Kv1.3-associated leukocyte functions.

scholarly journals CX3CR1 Mediates the Development of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells during Hepatic Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Sutti ◽  
Stefania Bruzzì ◽  
Felix Heymann ◽  
Anke Liepelt ◽  
Oliver Krenkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Hepatic Inflammation ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Ccl4 Administration ◽  
Macrophage Colony

Recent evidence suggests that hepatic dendritic cells (HDCs) contribute to the evolution of chronic liver diseases. However, the HDC subsets involved and the mechanisms driving these responses are still poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in modulating monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC) differentiation during liver inflammation. The phenotype of HDC and functional relevance of CX3CR1 was assessed in mice following necro-inflammatory liver injury induced by the hepatotoxic agent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and in steatohepatitis caused by a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet. In both the experimental models, hepatic inflammation was associated with a massive expansion of CD11c+/MHCIIhigh/CD11b+ myeloid HDCs. These cells also expressed the monocyte markers Ly6C, chemokine (C-C Motif) receptor 2 (CCR2), F4/80 and CD88, along with CX3CR1, allowing their tentative identification as moDCs. Mice defective in CX3CR1 showed a reduction in liver-moDC recruitment following CCl4 poisoning in parallel with a defective maturation of monocytes into moDCs. The lack of CX3CR1 also affected moDC differentiation from bone marrow myeloid cells induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in vitro. In wild-type mice, treatment with the CX3CR1 antagonist CX3-AT (150 µg, i.p.) 24 h after CCl4 administration reduced liver moDCS and significantly ameliorated hepatic injury and inflammation. Altogether, these results highlight the possible involvement of moDCs in promoting hepatic inflammation following liver injury and indicated a novel role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 dyad in driving the differentiation of hepatic moDCs.

scholarly journals The Role of the Intestinal Context in the Generation of Tolerance and Inflammation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Sgarbi Reis ◽  
Daniel Mucida
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
System A ◽  
Enormous Amount

The mucosal surface of the intestine alone forms the largest area exposed to exogenous antigens as well as the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body. The enormous amount of nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria and food-derived antigens that we are daily exposed sets an interesting challenge to the immune system: a protective immune activity must coexist with efficient regulatory mechanisms in order to maintain a health status of these organisms. This paper discusses how the immune system assimilates the perturbations from the environment without generating tissue damage.

scholarly journals CpG-matured Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Are Capable of In Vivo Priming of Functional CD8 T Cell Responses to Endogenous but Not Exogenous Antigens

2004 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariolina Salio ◽  
Michael J. Palmowski ◽  
Ann Atzberger ◽  
Ian F. Hermans ◽  
Vincenzo Cerundolo
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Ifn ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Specific Ctls ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are a unique leukocyte population capable of secreting high levels of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses and bacterial stimuli. In vitro experiments have shown that upon maturation, human and murine PDCs develop into potent immunostimulatory cells; however, their ability to prime an immune response in vivo remains to be addressed. We report that CpG-matured murine PDCs are capable of eliciting in naive mice antigen-specific CTLs against endogenous antigens as well as exogenous peptides, but not against an exogenous antigen. Type I IFN is not required for priming, as injection of CpG-matured PDCs into type I IFN receptor–deficient mice elicits functional CTL responses. Mature PDCs prime CTLs that secrete IFN-γ and protect mice from a tumor challenge. In contrast, immature PDCs are unable to prime antigen-specific CTLs. However, mice injected with immature PDCs are fully responsive to secondary antigenic challenges, suggesting that PDCs have not induced long-lasting tolerance via anergic or regulatory T cells. Our results underline the heterogeneity and plasticity of different antigen-presenting cells, and reveal an important role of mature PDCs in priming CD8 responses to endogenous antigens, in addition to their previously reported ability to modulate antiviral responses via type I IFN.

scholarly journals Septopremaxillary ligament traction system: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Rajani R. Elayadath ◽  
Biswas P. Palakunnu
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
System A ◽  
Biomechanical Force ◽  
Traction System

Over the years, several animal studies have been conducted concerning the role of cartilaginous nasal septum, septopremaxillary ligament in midfacial growth. Most of the studies utilized non primate animal models at first and then more recently in primates such as chimpanzee. Proper choice of animal model to extrapolate from is critical for successful experimental design. Although nonhuman primates are phylogenetically closer to humans than other mammalian groups for better extrapolation to human condition, not all the craniofacial experiments require primate models. Renewed interests in understanding the influence of septopremaxillary ligament resection on midfacial growth led to many in vitro experiments on animal models. Recently systematic review of relevant animal experiment is regarded as a prerequisite for the conduct of the new clinical trials. Despite this fact, the literature addressing this topic in humans and systematic review on the effect of the septopremaxillary ligament is scarce. The more recent studies show that the maxillary labial frenum encloses the septopremaxillary ligament and forms an important constituent of septopremaxillary traction system. The biomechanical force mediating through the septopremaxillary ligament, maxillary labial frenum and nasolabial muscles results in stimulating their effects on sagital growth of the maxilla. The main purpose of this review is to update and extend the knowledge of the role of septopremaxillary traction system on the midfacial growth by synthesizing the available literature involving the septopremaxillary ligament resection in experimental models. If this review could synthesize the results of relevant research, a change in the therapeutic notions can also be expected.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document