scholarly journals Combining Evolution and Learning in Computational Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Claes Strannegård ◽  
Wen Xu ◽  
Niklas Engsner ◽  
John A. Endler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Artificial General Intelligence ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAlthough animals such as spiders, fish, and birds have very different anatomies, the basic mechanisms that govern their perception, decision-making, learning, reproduction, and death have striking similarities. These mechanisms have apparently allowed the development of general intelligence in nature. This led us to the idea of approaching artificial general intelligence (AGI) by constructing a generic artificial animal (animat) with a configurable body and fixed mechanisms of perception, decision-making, learning, reproduction, and death. One instance of this generic animat could be an artificial spider, another an artificial fish, and a third an artificial bird. The goal of all decision-making in this model is to maintain homeostasis. Thus actions are selected that might promote survival and reproduction to varying degrees. All decision-making is based on knowledge that is stored in network structures. Each animat has two such network structures: a genotype and a phenotype. The genotype models the initial nervous system that is encoded in the genome (“the brain at birth”), while the phenotype represents the nervous system in its present form (“the brain at present”). Initially the phenotype and the genotype coincide, but then the phenotype keeps developing as a result of learning, while the genotype essentially remains unchanged. The model is extended to ecosystems populated by animats that develop continuously according to fixed mechanisms for sexual or asexual reproduction, and death. Several examples of simple ecosystems are given. We show that our generic animat model possesses general intelligence in a primitive form. In fact, it can learn simple forms of locomotion, navigation, foraging, language, and arithmetic.

Summing Up

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Dale Purves
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.

scholarly journals Freud and the algorithm: neuropsychoanalysis as a framework to understand artificial general intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca M. Possati
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Psychic Life ◽  
The Core ◽  
Artificial General Intelligence ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe core hypothesis of this paper is that neuropsychoanalysis provides a new paradigm for artificial general intelligence (AGI). The AGI agenda could be greatly advanced if it were grounded in affective neuroscience and neuropsychoanalysis rather than cognitive science. Research in AGI has so far remained too cortical-centric; that is, it has privileged the activities of the cerebral cortex, the outermost part of our brain, and the main cognitive functions. Neuropsychoanalysis and affective neuroscience, on the other hand, affirm the centrality of emotions and affects—i.e., the subcortical area that represents the deepest and most ancient part of the brain in psychic life. The aim of this paper is to define some general design principles of an AGI system based on the brain/mind relationship model formulated in the works of Mark Solms and Jaak Panksepp. In particular, the paper analyzes Panksepp’s seven effective systems and how they can be embedded into an AGI system through Judea Pearl’s causal analysis. In the conclusions, the author explains why building a sub-cortical AGI is the best way to solve the problem of AI control. This paper is intended to be an original contribution to the discussion on AGI by elaborating positive arguments in favor of it.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Complex Trauma and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Clinical Implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Hyter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Complex trauma resulting from chronic maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure can significantly affect child development and academic outcomes. Children with histories of maltreatment and those with prenatal alcohol exposure exhibit remarkably similar central nervous system impairments. In this article, I will review the effects of each on the brain and discuss clinical implications for these populations of children.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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