scholarly journals Lexical Bundles in the Corpus of Slovak Judicial Decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
Miroslav Zumrík
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics

Abstract The paper follows the tradition of research in legal linguistics and into formulaic language, specifically into lexical bundles. The aim of the paper is to describe lexical bundles in samples from the corpus of Slovak judicial decisions OD-JUSTICE by means of quantitative characteristics of the identified bundles and by their comparison with bundles found in two other specialized corpora: the corpus of Slovak legal regulations and the corpus of annual reports by Slovak public institutions. For the identification of bundles, the concept of the h-point was used. Identified bundles are described with respect to their maximal, minimal, average, median and mode values, distributions and ratios. The aim of the paper is to outline an interpretation of these bundle characteristics with regard to communicative function(s) of compared document genres.

scholarly journals Implementing Prior Judicial Decisions as Precedents: The Context of Application and Justification

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek Leszczyński
Keyword(s):  
Legal Order ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Current Case ◽  
Content Dissemination ◽  
Application Of Law ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Ratio Decidendi ◽  
The Way

Abstract The paper concerns the conditions and methods of using previous judicial decisions as a kind of precedents in the processes of application of law within the statutory legal order. The use of such decisions, not announced by the legislator, depends on the courts, undertaking such actions on the grounds of similarity of cases or of decisional processes. Such decisions do not become an exclusive validation argument and may create a situation of their potential conflict with legal regulations as well as an inferential supplementation of their content. Dissemination of such activity of the courts leads to the development of precedential practice (relevant to the statutory legal order), though, its actual jurisdictional role depends on proper justification of decisions, within which reference to these decisions should be adaptive (in relation to the elements of the current case), generalizing (forming elements of ratio decidendi) as well as argumentative and discursive (in respect of the way in which the decisional reasoning and arguments expressed in the prior justification are used).

Observations on Cholera,

1854 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Robt. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
The West ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Lunatic Asylums ◽  
Different Parts

“He came, he went, like the simoon, That harbinger of fate and gloom, Beneath whose widely-wasting breath, The very cypress droops to death.’'—Byron.The frequent occurrence of Cholera, in different parts of the United Kingdom, of late years, and its prevalence at present, secms to point out the necessity of our being prepared for its appearance, particularly in public institutions, and amongst others, Lunatic Asylums, which in some instances have suffered severely from this disease. In the West Riding of York Asylum, containing 633 patients, 98 are reported to have died from cholera in the autumn of 1849. The private asylums for pauper lunatics generally about London and in some other places, suffered more or less from the same epidemic; whether from cholera or some other cause, the mortality in the Lancaster Asylum was unusually high, 48 per cent in 1833, according to “a table of patients admitted, &c,” in the annual reports of that institution.

Lexical bundles in PhD dissertations and master theses: A comparative inquiry

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 127-152
Author(s):  
Omid REZAIE ◽  
Mehrdad Vasheghani FARAHANI ◽  
Millad MASOOMZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Comparative Inquiry

"The objective of the current research was to analyze and compare the 4-gram lexical bundles from the three part-genre corpora. For the theoretical framework, Hyland’s (2008) taxonomy of lexical bundles was exploited. The corpus of the study consisted of 100 Master theses and PhD dissertations. The study was focused on abstract, introduction, and conclusion only and did not enter into other parts of the Master theses and PhD dissertations. The abstract part-genre contained noticeably more bundles than the other two part-genres. In addition, introduction and abstract part-genres contained the highest amount of research-oriented bundles. As far as participant-oriented bundles are concerned, it is the conclusion part that includes noticeably more of these bundles than the other two part-genres. Overall, findings of this research showed that in three major part-genres of the academically key genre of PhD dissertations and M.A. theses, i.e. abstract, introduction, and conclusion, it is the abstract that enjoys a high amount of formulaic language in the form of lexical bundles."

scholarly journals The Processing of Formulaic Language

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Conklin ◽  
Norbert Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
The Brain

It is generally accepted that we store representations of individual words in our mental lexicon. There is growing agreement that the lexicon also contains formulaic language (How are you? kick the bucket). In fact, there are compelling reasons to think that the brain represents formulaic sequences in long-term memory, bypassing the need to compose them online through word selection and grammatical sequencing in capacity-limited working memory. The research surveyed in this chapter strongly supports the position that there is an advantage in the way that native speakers process formulaic language compared to nonformulaic language. This advantage extends to the access and use of different types of formulaic language, including idioms, binomials, collocations, and lexical bundles. However, the evidence is mixed for nonnative speakers. While very proficient nonnatives sometimes exhibit processing advantages similar to natives, less proficient learners often have been shown to process formulaic language in a word-by-word manner similar to nonformulaic language. Furthermore, if the formulaic language is idiomatic (where the meaning cannot be understood from the component words), the figurative meanings can be much more difficult to process for nonnatives than nonidiomatic, nonformulaic language.

Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 240-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Paquot
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
French Words

This chapter reports on a follow-up study to Paquot (2013) which replicates its methodology to investigate transfer effects on French EFL learners’ use of recurrent word sequences. The study focuses on a large dataset of two- to four-word lexical bundles overrepresented in the French component of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) as compared to nine other ICLE learner sub-corpora. Results are in line with a usage-based view of language that recognizes the active role that the first language (L1) may play in the acquisition of a foreign language. In accordance with Paquot’s (2013) findings, the different manifestations of L1 influence displayed in the learners’ idiosyncratic use of lexical bundles are traced back to various properties of French words and word combinations, among which their discourse function and frequency of use seem to play a crucial role.

scholarly journals J’ai l’impression que: Lexical Bundles in the Dialogues of Beginner French Textbooks

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-101
Author(s):  
Nathan Vandeweerd ◽  
Merel Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
T Test ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Textbook Design ◽  
Authentic Language

Formulaic language is notoriously difficult for second language learners of French to master (Edmonds, 2014; Forsberg, 2010). Yet, no study has examined formulaic language in French textbooks despite the fact that in many contexts, textbooks represent a significant proportion of the input that learners receive. The current study addresses this gap. Using a distributional approach (as used in Biber, Conrad, & Cortes, 2004), four-word lexical bundles were extracted from an oral corpus of French. The average number of lexical bundles in oral corpus utterances was compared to the average number of bundles in a corpus of A1-B1 level textbook dialogues. An independent samples t test showed that the average number of lexical bundles per 100,000 words was significantly higher in texts from the oral corpus than the textbook corpus. The average number of stance and referential lexical bundles was also revealed to be higher in the oral corpus. Implications for textbook design are discussed, such as increasing the amount of formulaic language in A2 level textbooks and incorporating more authentic language into textbooks.

An exploration of the structural and colligational characteristics of lexical bundles in L1–L2 corpora for English language teaching

2022 ◽  
pp. 136216882110665
Author(s):  
Toyese Najeem Dahunsi ◽  
Thompson Olusegun Ewata
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
First Language ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Formulaic Language ◽  
Lexical Bundles ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Language Universals ◽  
British National Corpus

Multi-word expressions are formulaic language universals with arbitrary and idiosyncratic collocations. Their usage and mastery are required of learners of a second language in achieving naturalness. However, despite the importance of multi-word expressions to mastering a second language, their syntactic architecture and colligational possibilities have received little attention in English language teaching (ELT). This study examined lexical bundles, a type of multi-word expressions, to understand their structure and co-occurrence possibilities with other syntactic elements. It was aided by an automated frequency-driven approach using two corpora, the British component of the British National Corpus – a first language (L1) corpus – and a purpose-built Nigerian Media Discourse corpus – a second language (L2) corpus. Two items of lexical analysis software were used to extract three-word lexical bundles with a minimum of 50 frequencies per corpus. The syntactic structures of the identified lexical bundles were determined, and their in-corpus usages were analysed for their colligational characteristics. Results showed that both corpora had instances of general and genre-specific lexical bundles (LBs) with varying frequencies. Five categories of lexical bundles with different structural patterns and peculiar colligational characteristics were identified in the study. Since lexical bundles are more frequently found in both L1–L2 texts, mastering how they are used will further enhance the teaching of English as a second language. The teaching of lexical bundles as a multi-word expression is therefore recommended in ELT as a way of enhancing learners’ proficiency and naturalness in English.

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