Ratio Decidendi, Agreement, Againts The Decision of MA No. 601K/PDT/2015 in The Case of Agreements that do not use Indonesian

The Supreme Court’s decision in the case of an agreement between investors who enter into an agreement using English is contrary to the agreement of the parties. Changes to the agreement may be detrimental to investors in Indonesia, who must amend the agreement previously made in English. The research method based on the data needed in this research is secondary data obtained through literature study in the form of laws and descriptive analysis, namely analyzing the laws and regulations. The loan agreement between PT. BKP and Nine AM, Ltd. should not be null and void. The judge’s interpretation of a lawful cause is wrong because a lawful cause refers the contents of the loan agreement. The government should be firm in determining a sanction if there is a violation of the law. This is intended so that judges are not wrong in applying regulations so that they do not produce decisions that can harmcertain parties.

Politik Hukum Pengaturan Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi)

Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan eksistensi masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia, serta dinamika masyarakat hukum adat dilihat dari putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Penelitian ini difokuskan menganalisis dua hal yakni: Pertama, bagaimana eksistensi masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia ? Kedua, bagaimana politik hukum masyarakat hukum adat melalui putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Selain itu juga digunakan pendekatan kasus yang digunakan untuk mengetahui ratio decidendi yang digunakan oleh hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam memutus perkara pengujian undang-undang yang terkait dengan masyarakat hukum adat. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan: pertama, keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia telah diakomodir di berbagai lingkup peraturan perundang-undangan, baik dalam UUD 1945, Undang-Undang, Peraturan Daerah, Surat Keputusan Gubernur, dan Surat Keputusan Bupati. Kedua, politik hukum masyarakat hukum adat melalui putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi memperkokoh keberadaan masyarakat hukum adat di Indonesia dengan memberikan berbagai tafsir atau penjelasan.

Judges' Legal Considerations (Ratio Decidendi) and Jurisdical Implications on the Criminal Acts of Continuous Corruption (Study of Supreme Court Decision No. 866 K/Pid. Sus/2016)

This study intends to examine the legal considerations of the judges of the Supreme Court against the criminal act of corruption continued in the Supreme Court's decision number 866 K/Pid. Sus/2016. The decision stating that the convict is proven to have committed a criminal act of corruption continues, but the continued action is not stated in the consideration of the decision. The Supreme Court's decision number 866 K/Pidsus/2016 raises a big question mark regarding the legal basis for criminal prosecution for perpetrators of continuing corruption, this is because the Corruption Crime Law does not specifically regulate acts of continuing corruption. It is said to be a continuous act in a criminal act of corruption because the act is carried out continuously, both with similar crimes in corruption. Continuing action or also called Voorgezette handeling is an act (gebeuren) in which one action with another action is interrelated and becomes a single unit, the linkage must meet at least two conditions, namely the act is the embodiment of a forbidden will decision and an act that is prohibited. happen must be the same. This journal was created with the aim of being able to find out the judge's legal considerations for the criminal act of continuing corruption which was reviewed with the Ratio Decidendi Theory and the academic requirements to obtain a Master of Law degree at the Faculty of Law, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The research method used by the researcher is doctrinal research with a statutory approach and a case approach. The technique of collecting legal materials used is literature study. The legal material analysis technique used is deductive data analysis.

Caminhos latino-americanos a inspirar a jurisdição constitucional brasileira no diálogo multinível do constitucionalismo regional transformador

Apesar do emergir de um Ius Constitutionale Commune na América Latina (ICCAL), marcado por um cogente diálogo judicial multinível, sobretudo entre a Corte Interamericana (Corte IDH) e as jurisdições constitucionais, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) não tem dado ouvidos aos precedentes interamericanos, mostrando-se indiferente a eles, o que tem comprometido o desenvolvimento e aplicação de standards comuns em matéria de direitos humanos, democracia e Estado de direito e enfraquecido a capacidade de resiliência brasileira frente aos riscos de graves retrocessos nesses temas. Portanto, como modificar o comportamento hermeticamente nacional do STF e fazê-lo, no exercício de suas funções jurisdicionais, levar em conta a ratio decidendi das manifestações da Corte IDH? A pesquisa busca respostas a esse problema na experiência comprovadamente exitosa das cortes constitucionais da Colômbia, do México e da Bolívia, identificando os modelos e mecanismos utilizados nesses três países e ainda não implementados no Brasil, aptos a promover maior abertura do STF ao diálogo com a Corte IDH. Assim, como conclusão maior, sem prejuízo de outras iniciativas relevantes, propõe – como causa e consequência da consolidação da comunidade de prática de direitos humanos interamericanos - a adoção, por parte do Estado brasileiro, das diretrizes da interpretação conforme o direito internacional dos direitos humanos e do princípio pro persona. Palavras – chave: Constitucionalismo multinível. Ius Constitutionale Commune Latino-Americano. Direitos Humanos. Constitucionalismo Transformador. Diálogos Judiciais. Jurisdição Constitucional.

O envolvimento de empresas em violações de Direitos Humanos e o efeito erga omnes das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos

O objetivo deste artigo é lançar luzes à questão da oponibilidade da ratio decidendi das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, especialmente quanto à temática de direitos humanos e empresas, a todos os países que compõem o Sistema Interamericano, incluindo aqueles Estados parte que não participaram diretamente da condenação. Primeiro, demonstramos que as decisões da Corte IDH possuem efeito vinculante e erga omnes, fazendo parte do corpus iuris interamericano e, portanto, aplicável em face de todos os países signatários da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos. Em seguida, analisamos duas das mais recentes decisões da Corte envolvendo atividades empresariais: caso “Povo Kaliña e Lokono vs. Suriname” e “Empregados da Fábrica de Fogos Santo Antônio de Jesus e familiares vs. Brasil”. Finalmente, examinamos o Informe “Empresas y Derechos Humanos: Estándares Interamericanos”, elaborado pela Comissão Interamericana, que traz o tema de maneira direta. Utilizando-se do método qualitativo e pesquisa jurisprudencial, bibliográfica e documental, e partindo-se da análise de decisões da Corte IDH e outros documentos emitidos pelo Sistema Interamericano, concluímos que a fundamentação da decisão (ratio decidendi) também opera em face do país que não figurou no polo passivo da demanda internacional, eis que produz efeitos erga omnes, logo, obrigatória para todos os Estados parte. Assim sendo, as recentes condenações da Corte que sustentam a necessidade de as empresas respeitarem os direitos humanos, assim como o dever do Estado de garantir essa proteção e cobrar uma atuação responsável das empresas, devem ser necessariamente seguidas e aplicadas no âmbito interno de cada país.

Richhpal Singh Meena v. Ghasi: Past Eclipse of India’s Substantive Criminal Law in Contemporary Operation

The Indian Supreme Court’s verdict in Richhpal Singh Meena v. Ghasi is a marked peripeteia in the legal position on the applicability of offences under the two sub-chapters of Chapter XVI of the IPC in the heads of sections dealing with ‘Offences Affecting Life’ and ‘Hurt’. In essence, this ruling declared that scenarios that end with death of the victim will mandatorily have to be only covered by the sub-chapter ‘Offences Affecting Life’, making ‘actus reus of fatal results’ the determinant for choosing the offence for which the accused is to be convicted. After providing a factual frame of reference, this paper recapitulates the key elements of the Court’s reasoning in arriving at this principle. The main thrust of the paper lies in its analysis of the Court’s faulty neologisms and legally inconsistent alterations in the yardsticks that govern which cases fall under either of the two heads. This paper argues that the Court’s ratio decidendi and the principles it has evolved represent nothing short of insouciance towards decades of clarificatory precedent and that they are ex facie since Richhpal’s ruling engenders injustice in situations where the intention is to only cause hurt, but death results regardless of the intention transpired. As a judgment made in 2014, this ruling continues to breed iniquitous convictions even to this day. It is this examination of the judgment’s myopia for the past and its eclipse on the present delivery of justice that represents the central thesis of this paper.

Kealpaan Anak yang Menimbulkan Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas yang Mengakibatkan Kematian Orang Lain

The negligence of a person who causes a traffic accident which results in the loss of another person's life can be punished under the provisions of Article 310 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. However, in cases with child offenders, the provisions contained in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System for Children apply, so that there is a specificity in the imposition of the sentence. This research will discuss about the form of legal responsibility for children who because of their negligence cause traffic accidents that result in the death of others, then also discuss the ratio decidendi of judges in deciding related cases. This research is a doctrinal research using a statute approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. The results in this study are the form of legal responsibility for children who due to their negligence causing traffic accidents that result in the death of other people, can be in the form of criminal imposition or action. As for judges in deciding cases must be based on the provisions that contained in Law Number 11 of 2012 and prioritize Restorative Justice.Keywords: Traffic Accident; Child Offender; Negligence; Restorative Justice; Diversion.AbstrakKealpaan seseorang yang menimbulkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan hilangnya nyawa orang lain dapat dipidana berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 310 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan. Namun demikian dalam perkara dengan pelaku Anak berlaku ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Undnag-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, sehingga terdapat kekhususan dalam penjatuhan pidananya. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai bentuk pertanggungjawaban hukum anak yang karena kealpaannya menyebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan kematian orang lain, kemudian membahas pula mengenai ratio decidendi hakim dalam memutus perkara terkait. Penelitian ini merupakan doctrinal research dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil dalam penelitian ini yaitu bentuk pertanggungjawaban hukum anak yang karena kealpaannya menyebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan kematian orang lain dapat berupa pengenaan pidana atau tindakan. Adapun hakim dalam memutus perkara harus berlandaskan pada ketentuan Undang-Undang SPPA dan mengutamakan Keadilan Restoratif.Kata Kunci: Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas; Pelaku Anak; Kealpaan; Keadilan Restoratif; Diversi.

Alat Sebagai Alat Bukti Dalam Tindak Pidana Narkotika

In the case of Narcotics Crime, verification is one of the important process, because in this process we can know how the criminal act can be done and to make that the defendant is the guilty one. Indeed based on judge confidence and all the evidence. In Law Number 35 of 2009 Concerning Narcotics, Article 101 Paragraph (1) regulates that: "Narcotics, Narcotics Precursors, and tools or goods used in Narcotics and Narcotics Precursor crimes or those involving Narcotics and Narcotics Precursors and their results are declared to be confiscated for the state." But, there is no explanation about definition of “tools or goods in Narcotics crime”. So that can make a question what is tools used in Narcotics crime and can that tools qualified as evidence so have more value in verification process. More than that, what is ratio decidendi the conviction of the instrument as evidence in Narcotics crime.Keywords: Law of Evidence; Evidence; Corroboration.AbstrakDalam kasus tindak pidana Narkotika, pembuktian merupakan salah suatu proses yang beperan sangat vital, karena di dalam proses inilah dapat diketahui bagaimana tindak pidana Narkotika tersebut dilakukan dan menentukan apakah terdakwa benar bersalah. Tentunya berdasarkan keyakinan hakim serta alat bukti yang ada. Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika, Pasal 101 ayat (1) mengatur bahwa: “Narkotika, Prekursor Narkotika, dan alat atau barang yang digunakan di dalam tindak pidana Narkotika dan Prekursor Narkotika atau yang menyangkut Narkotika dan Prekursor Narkotika serta hasilnya dinyatakan dirampas untuk negara”. Namun sayangnya, dalam Penjelasan Undang-Undang Narkotika, Pasal ini tidak dijelaskan lebih lanjut bahkan tidak terdapat definisi secara pasti mengenai “Alat atau barang yang digunakan di dalam tindak pidana Narkotika”. Oleh karena itu menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah yang dimaksud dengan alat yang digunakan dalam tindak pidana Narkotika serta dapatkah alat tersebut dikualifikasikan sebagai alat bukti sehingga mempunyai nilai pembuktian lebih dalam proses pembuktian. Selain itu mengetahui apakah ratio decidendi penjatuhan putusan terhadap alat sebagai alat bukti dalam tindak pidana Narkotika. Kata Kunci: Pembuktian; Alat Bukti; Petunjuk.

La norma del “precedente judicial obligatorio”: el stare decisis colombiano

<p>Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la “naturaleza” de la norma del “precedente judicial obligatorio” que ha sido creada por la Corte Constitucional colombiana. Para tal efecto se precisan los conceptos de <em>stare decisis</em> y <em>ratio decidendi</em>. Posteriormente se realiza una reconstrucción de la norma creada por esta alta Corte. Finalmente se analiza dicha norma a luz de diferentes concepciones de normas de obligación, para en consecuencia concluir que la norma creada, en el caso colombiano, es una norma constitutiva.</p>

Rasisme dan Penerapan Pasal Makar terhadap Kebebasan Ekspresi Politik Papua

Freedom of political expression has not been fully guaranteed in the Indonesian legal system. One of the most prominent in the legal debate is the matter of treason (makar) charges against political expressions of self-determination. In the case of Papua, many Papuans have been detained, criminalised, and even killed because of their political expression. Interestingly, the Constitutional Court, through its decision Number 7/PUU-XV/2017, provided guidance in its ‘ratio decidendi’ argument, specifically the interpretation of treason phrases in the Criminal Code. Interpretation is given by the Constitutional Court after seeing the reality that law enforcement has been arbitrarily abused by the application of the treason article. This is contrary to the freedom of association, opinion and expression, as guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This article discusses how the application of the phrase treason in law enforcement, especially in connection with the conviction of many Papuans after the Surabaya anti-racism rallies in September 2019. A number of district court decisions on dozens of convicted Papuans show that the legal system that guarantees freedom of political expression has not changed much and law enforcement in fact emphasises the position of racial discrimination and is far below the standard of human rights law. Abstrak Kebebasan ekspresi politik belum sepenuhnya dijamin dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Salah satu yang paling mengemuka dalam perdebatan hukum adalah soal tuduhan makar terhadap ekspresi politik menentukan nasib sendiri. Dalam kasus Papua, tidak sedikit jumlah warga Papua yang ditahan, dikriminalkan, hingga tewas terbunuh karena soal ekspresi politiknya. Menariknya, Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui putusannya Nomor 7/PUU-XV/2017 memberikan panduan dalam argumen ratio decidendinya, khusus interpretasi frasa makar dalam Kitab-Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Penafsiran diberikan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi setelah melihat realitas penegakan hukum telah banyak disalahgunakan penerapan pasal makar. Hal demikian bertentangan dengan kebebasan berkumpul, berpendapat dan berekspresi, sebagaimana dijamin dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Artikel ini membahas bagaimana penerapan frasa makar dalam penegakan hukumnya, khususnya berkaitan dengan dipidananya banyak warga Papua setelah aksi anti rasisme Surabaya pada September 2019. Sejumlah putusan pengadilan negeri atas puluhan warga Papua yang dipidana tersebut memperlihatkan sistem hukum yang menjamin kebebasan ekspresi politik tidak banyak berubah dan penegakan hukum justru menegaskan posisi diskriminasi rasial serta jauh dari standar hukum hak asasi manusia.