scholarly journals Determination of two-liquid mixture composition by assessing its dielectric parameters 2. modified measuring system for monitoring the dehydration process of bioethanol production

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
O. Vilitis ◽  
P. Shipkovs ◽  
D. Merkulovs ◽  
A. Rucins ◽  
K. Zihmane-Ritina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Dehydration Process ◽  
Ethanol Dehydration ◽  
Dielectric Parameters ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
And Control

Abstract In Part 2 of the work we describe a modified measuring system for precise monitoring of the dehydration process of bioethanol production. This is based on the earlier proposed system for measuring the concentration of solutions and two-liquid mixtures using devices with capacitive sensors (1-300pF), which provides a stable measuring resolution of ± 0.005 pF at measuring the capacitance of a sensor. In this part of our work we determine additional requirements that are to be imposed on the measuring system at monitoring the ethanol dehydration process and control of bioethanol production. The most important parameters of the developed measuring system are identified. An exemplary calculation is given for the thermocompensated calibration of measuring devices. The results of tests have shown a good performance of the developed measuring system.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Determination of the Amount of Ethanol in Liquid Mixtures by Ultrasound Using Bilinear Interpolation Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Aydın ◽  
Cemil Keskinoğlu ◽  
Umut Kökbaş ◽  
Abdullah Tuli
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Bilinear Interpolation ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
El Sistema

Ultrasound is used in many analysis studies, including liquid mixtures. Many mixtures are analyzed to understand their contents or properties in different situations. One of these mixtures is the ethanol-water combination. In this study, the amount of ethanol in the liquid mixture was determined noninvasively by the ultrasonic method using a microcontroller-based system. The results show that the measurements obtained were within the p<0.05 confidence interval. The characteristics evaluation of the system shows that the system can detect ethanol concentration as low as 0.552 g/L, thus the system has a broad and linear determination range for ethanol. Although the system is calibrated and tested with ethanol-water mixture, it can be used for any mixture that changes density related to the substance concentration, including different alcohols which are soluble in water (glycols, glycoethers, etc.) or any other material (solid or liquid) which is soluble in alcohol or different liquid solvent. The system has so many advantages that make it possible to use comfortably in many areas where the amount of ethanol contained in the mixture is essential. These advantages are the high accuracy and sensitivity, being noninvasive, portable, and not having a destructive effect on the substance.   Resumen. El ultrasonido es utilizado en muchos estudios incluyendo las mezclas liquidas. Se analizan varias mezclas para entender sus contenidos y propiedades en diferentes situaciones. Una de estas mezclas es la combinación de etanol-agua. En este estudio, la cantidad de etanol en la mezcla líquida fue determinada de manera no invasiva con el método ultrasonico utilizando un sistema basado en microcontrolador. Los resultados muestran que las mediciones obtenidas se encontraban dentro de un intervalo de confianza de p<0.05. Las características de evaluación del sistema muestran que se puede detectar etanol a una concentración tan baja como 0.552 g/L, por lo tanto, el sistema tiene un rango de determinación linear amplio para etanol. Aunque el sistema se calibra y prueba con mezcla de etanol-agua, puede ser utilizado para cualquier mezcla que cambia de densidad en relación con la concentración de la substancia, incluyendo diferentes alcoholes que son solubles en agua (glicoles, glicoeteres, etc) o cualquier otro material (sólido o líquido) que sea soluble en alcohol o en algún solvente líquido diferente. El sistema tiene muchas ventajas que hacen posible su utilización en muchas áreas donde la cantidad de etanol contenida en la mezcla es esencial. Estas ventajas son de alta precisión y sensiblididad al ser no invasivo, portátil y al no tener un efecto destructivo sobre la sustancia.

scholarly journals Determination of Two-Liquid Mixture Composition by Assessing Dielectric Parameters 1. Precise Measuring System / Divu Šķidrumu Maisījuma Sastāva Noteikšana, Izvērtējot to Dielektriskos Parametrus 1. Precīza Mērīšanas Sistēma

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-73
Author(s):  
O. Vilitis ◽  
P. Shipkovs ◽  
D. Merkulovs
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Dielectric Parameters ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Dielectric Liquids ◽  
Operational Frequency ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Concentration measurements are important in bioethanol industries, in the R&D areas, for chemical, medical and microbiological analyses and processing as well as for diagnostics, manufacturing, etc. The overview shows development of the structural design of a system for measuring the concentration of solutions and mixtures consisting of two dielectric liquids. The basic principles of the system's design are given along with relevant equations. The concentration of dielectric liquids is measured using devices with capacitive sensors (1-300 pF). The operational frequency of the developed measuring system is 100.000 kHz. Configuration of the system excludes some errors usually arising at measurements, and broadens its applicability. For testing, the system was calibrated for measuring the concentration of anhydrous ethanol + de-ionized water mixture. Experimental results have shown a stable resolution of ±0.005 pF at measuring the sensor capacitance and a reproducible resolution better than ±0.01% at measuring the ethanol volume concentration

Computer-aided monitoring and operation of continuous measuring devices

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rieger ◽  
M. Thomann ◽  
A. Joss ◽  
W. Gujer ◽  
H. Siegrist
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Supervisory System ◽  
Monitoring Frequency ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Monitoring Effort ◽  
Continuous Measuring ◽  
And Control

Extended studies of measuring and control systems in activated sludge plants at EAWAG revealed that the measuring devices remain the weakest point in control applications. To overcome this problem, a software package was developed which analyses and evaluates the residuals between a reference measurement and the sensor and collects the information in a database. The underlying monitoring concept is based on a two-step evaluation of the residuals by means of statistical evaluations using control charts with two different sets of criteria. The first step is a warning phase in which hints on probable errors trigger an increase in the monitoring frequency. In the second step, the alarm phase, the error hypothesis has to be validated and should allow immediate and targeted reactions from the operator. This procedure enables an optimized and flexible monitoring effort combined with an increased probability of early detection of systematic measuring errors. Beside the monitoring concept, information about the measuring device, the performed servicing actions and the responsibilities is stored. Statistical values for the quantitative characterization of the measuring system during operation will be given. They are needed to parameterise controllers or to guarantee the accuracy of the instrument in order to allow reliable calculations of effluent tax. In contrast to other concepts, not only is the measuring device examined under standard conditions, but so is the entire measuring chain from the liquid to be analysed to the value stored in the database of the supervisory system. The knowledge of the response time of the measuring system is then required in order to allow a comparison of the corresponding values.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Biological Activity of Cellulose Pulp by Means of the Static Respiration Index (At4)/ Ocena Aktywności Biologicznej Pulpy Celulozowej Testem Respiracyjnym At4

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Sylwia Myszograj ◽  
Katarzyna Kozłowska ◽  
Agata Krochmal
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cellulose Pulp ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the countries of the European Union, work is presently being conducted on the standardisation of the limit values and test methods for the determination of the biological activity of waste. The aim of conducting the tests is to monitor the effectiveness of waste biodegradation during composting, the evaluate any decrease in the biological activity of the waste before its landfilling and control processes taking place at landfills. The evaluation of the waste’s biological activity can be performed, among others, by testing respiration. One such method is AT4 (Static Respiration Index) determination. The results of respirometric tests depict the availability of substrates for microorganisms, that is, the biodegradability. The article describes the tests of the biological activity of the cellulose pulp, the impact of the degree of compost inoculation on the value of this parameter and the dependence on the content of organic mass and total organic carbon in the tested substrate. The measurements of the oxygen demand were made using the OxiTop® Control measuring system.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE WORK OF THE WAX PRESS "FOX" WHEN PRESSING WAX FROM WASTE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.М. МАКСИМОВ ◽  
Н.В. НИКИФОРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Effective Length ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Kinematic Scheme ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Dark Cells ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
And Control ◽  
Important Branch

Пчеловодство является важной отраслью сельского хозяйства. Одним из важнейших продуктов пчеловодства является воск, получаемый из пчелиных сотов. При перетопке тёмных пчелиных сот, в которых выводился пчелиный расплод, неизбежно остаются отходы - мерва. Для извлечения воска из мервы применяются прессы различных конструкций. В силу простоты конструкции наибольшую популярность среди пчеловодов приобрёл воскопресс «Лисица». Целью настоящего исследования является теоретический анализ сил, действующих в воскопрессе «Лисица» при прессовании мервы, а также практическое определение количества получаемого воска из мервы в зависимости от развиваемого давления прессования. В статье дано теоретическое обоснование процесса отжима мервы с использованием воскопресса «Лисица». Представлена кинематическая схема воскопресса, обозначены силы, действующие в нём при отжиме мервы. Приведено уравнение моментов сил и даны формулы для расчёта давления прессования мервы. Установлено, что развиваемое давление прессования напрямую зависит от эффективной длины верхнего рычага воскопресса и приложенного к нему усилия. В тексте работы приведены материалы и методика исследований с описанием экспериментальной установки и контрольно-измерительных приборов. Получены результаты исследования влияния давления прессования мервы на количество получаемого воска. Установлено, что при увеличении давления прессования в 2 раза, с 86 до 172 кПа, выход воска при прессовании мервы увеличивается в 1,5 раза и составляет 459 г для тёмных сот и 361 г для коричневых. В статье даны выводы и рекомендации по улучшению работы воскопресса, а также приведён анализ полученных аналитических зависимостей Beekeeping is an important branch of agriculture. One of the most important products of beekeeping is wax obtained from honeycombs. When re-digging dark honeycombs in which the bee brood is displayed, waste is inevitably left. Presses of various designs are used to extract wax from waste. Due to the simplicity of the design, the most popular among beekeepers was the "Fox" wax press. The purpose of this study is a theoretical analysis of the forces acting in the "Fox" wax press when pressing waste from wax, as well as a practical determination of the amount of wax produced from waste depending on the developed pressing pressure. The article provides a theoretical justification for the process of pressing waste from wax using the "Fox" wax press. The kinematic scheme of the wax press is presented, and the forces acting in it when pressing waste from wax are indicated. The equation of moments of forces is given and formulas for calculating the pressure of pressing waste from wax are given. It is established that the developed pressing pressure directly depends on the effective length of the upper arm of the wax press and the force applied to it. The text of the work contains materials and methods of research with a description of the experimental installation and control and measuring devices. The results of the study of the influence of the pressure of pressing waste from wax on the amount of wax produced are obtained. It was found that with an increase in the pressing pressure of 2 times, from 86 to 172 kPa, the output of wax during the pressing of waste increases by 1.5 times and is 459 g for dark cells and 361 g for brown ones. The article provides conclusions and recommendations for improving the operation of the wax press, as well as an analysis of the obtained analytical dependencies

Ultrastructural changes in sciatic nerve tissue: Effects of passive maternal smoking

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
Amankwah K.S. ◽  
A.D. Weberg ◽  
R.C. Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Spontaneous Delivery

Previous research has revealed that passive (involuntary inhalation) tobacco smoking during gestation can have adverse effects upon the developing fetus. These prior investigations did not concentrate on changes in fetal morphology. This study was undertaken to delineate fetal neural abnormalities at the ultrastructural level in mice pups exposed in utero to passive maternal smoking.Pregnant study animals, housed in a special chamber, were subjected to cigarette smoke daily from conception until delivery. Blood tests for determination of carbon monoxide levels were run at 15-18 days gestation. Sciatic nerve tissue from experimental and control animals were obtained following spontaneous delivery and fixed in 2.5% gluteraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. The samples were post-fixed in osmium ferrocyanide (1:1 mixture of 1.5% aqueous OSO4 and 2.5% K4 Fe(CN)6). Following dehydration, the tissues were infiltrated with and embedded in Spurr. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Application of EDS Technique for OSP Film Thickness Measurement

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prong Kongsubto ◽  
Sirarat Kongwudthiti
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Joint Strength ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Ic Manufacturing ◽  
And Control ◽  
Film Thickness Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Organic solderability preservatives (OSPs) pad is one of the pad finishing technologies where Cu pad is coated with a thin film of an organic material to protect Cu from oxidation during storage and many processes in IC manufacturing. Thickness of OSP film is a critical factor that we have to consider and control in order to achieve desirable joint strength. Until now, no non-destructive technique has been proposed to measure OSP thickness on substrate. This paper reports about the development of EDS technique for estimating OSP thickness, starting with determination of the EDS parameter followed by establishing the correlation between C/Cu ratio and OSP thickness and, finally, evaluating the accuracy of the EDS technique for OSP thickness measurement. EDS quantitative analysis was proved that it can be utilized for OSP thickness estimation.

Features of spatial shock-wave flows in vapor-gas-liquid mixtures

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
R.Kh. Bolotnova ◽  
U.O. Agisheva ◽  
V.A. Buzina
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Nonstationary Processes ◽  
Two Phase

The two-phase model of vapor-gas-liquid medium in axisymmetric two-dimensional formulation, taking into account vaporization is constructed. The nonstationary processes of boiling vapor-water mixture outflow from high-pressure vessels as a result of depressurization are studied. The problems of shock waves action on filled by gas-liquid mixture volumes are solved.

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