scholarly journals Economic Cyber-Espionage in the Visegrád Four Countries: a Hungarian Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
Federica Cristani
Keyword(s):  
Union Member ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
Relevant Regulation

Abstract This article explores the regulatory framework of reference of economic cyber-espionage in Europe, with a particular focus on the V4 region (comprising Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic) and taking Hungary as a case study. Europe Union member states, including the V4 countries, are particularly exposed to economic cyber-espionage, because of the advanced know-how of the companies based therein. Under international law, there exists no uniform approach to the matter; also at the European Union level, the legal framework appears rather fragmented and the same holds true at the national level and within the V4 group, where each country has adopted its own relevant regulation. After a general overview of the relevant international and EU regulatory framework of reference, this article overviews the modus operandi of the V4 and examines its approach to economic cyber-espionage, with a special focus on Hungary as case study. As already remarked at the European and international levels, cybersecurity policies and regulations, including those regarding economic cyber-espionage operations, should be drafted in coordination among states; the V4 group can become a privileged platform of discussion to advance in the regulatory harmonisation of the issues at stake.

Determinants and barriers of PV self-consumption in Spain from the perception of the installers for the promotion of distributed energy systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
José Ángel Gimeno ◽  
Eva Llera Sastresa ◽  
Sabina Scarpellini
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Transition Scenario

Currently, self-consumption and distributed energy facilities are considered as viable and sustainable solutions in the energy transition scenario within the European Union. In a low carbon society, the exploitation of renewables for self-consumption is closely tied to the energy market at the territorial level, in search of a compromise between competitiveness and the sustainable exploitation of resources. Investments in these facilities are highly sensitive to the existence of favourable conditions at the territorial level, and the energy policies adopted in the European Union have contributed positively to the distributed renewables development and the reduction of their costs in the last decade. However, the number of the installed facilities is uneven in the European Countries and those factors that are more determinant for the investments in self-consumption are still under investigation. In this scenario, this paper presents the main results obtained through the analysis of the determinants in self-consumption investments from a case study in Spain, where the penetration of this type of facilities is being less relevant than in other countries. As a novelty of this study, the main influential drivers and barriers in self-consumption are classified and analysed from the installers' perspective. On the basis of the information obtained from the installers involved in the installation of these facilities, incentives and barriers are analysed within the existing legal framework and the potential specific lines of the promotion for the effective deployment of self-consumption in an energy transition scenario.

scholarly journals COMPLIANCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA WITH EUROPEAN UNION STANDARDS

2018 ◽  
pp. 340-355
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Principles And Standards

Corporate governance provides an answer to the question who controls the corporation and how. It involves a set of relationships between management, shareholders and stakeholders. Corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina is within the legal jurisdiction of entities, and consequently there are two substantially aligned and yet completely distinct corporate governance systems, which separates Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state in the international environment into a specific category in terms of corporate governance. This paper will analyze ownership concentration in order to identify the characteristics of the corporate governance systems, then it will present the principles on which the legal framework for corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina is defined, compare the business transparency standards with the transparency directive in the EU, and measure the quality level of corporate governance in order to define key areas for improvement of corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The development and characteristics of the corporate governance systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be explored and compared with the regulatory framework and standards of corporate governance in the European Union. Special emphasis is on comparing the transparency principles and standards of corporations in Bosnia and Herzegovina with corporations in the European Union. The aim of the research is to compare the regulatory framework and characteristics of the corporate governance system in corporations in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the standards in the European Union, to identify similarities and differences and to define key areas for improvement of corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

scholarly journals HARMONIZATION OF ASEAN LAWS ON PROTECTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Zainal Amin Ayub ◽  
Zuryati Mohammed Yusoof
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
New Era ◽  
Asean Country ◽  
Asean Countries

The realization of ASEAN Community 2015 opens a hope of a new era for migrant workers amongst its member countries. The hope is on the comprehensive legal protection for migrant workers against injustice as well as trafficking in the ASEAN Communities. This article aims to looks into the legal framework within few ASEAN countries that provides protection for migrant workers against injustice and human trafficking, and the available recourse to justice for them in case they become the victim of human trafficking. Malaysia becomes the case study as lesson learnt. Doctrinal methodology is adopted in this article. It is found that, in regards to protection of migrant workers, despite the establishment of ASEAN Community 2015, the laws on this regard are scattered. A few members of ASEAN Community are reluctant to embed the protection of migrant workers into their national laws. Also, it is found that ASEAN country like Malaysia has the laws at national level to curb human trafficking of migrant workers. However, though the laws seem to be comprehensive, the effectiveness of its implementation and enforcement of the laws are yet to be seen. It is suggested that the laws on protection of migrant workers to be harmonized and standardised between members of ASEAN Community and the cooperation within members of ASEAN should be enhanced at every level.

The Practices of ‘Splitting’ and ‘Common Accord’ Under Scrutiny: the European Parliament‘s Request for an Opinion of the European Court of Justice on the Istanbul Convention

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-486
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Samoilova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Istanbul Convention ◽  
The Eu

Abstract With all eyes on the recent global COVID-19 pandemic, another pandemic has been growing in the shadows: violence against women. The Council of Europe’s Istanbul Convention creates a legal framework in order to protect women against all forms of violence. Its ratification process, however, has faced considerable challenges, particularly in the Central and Eastern European Member States. This article discusses the basic elements of the Istanbul Convention, reflects on the ratification process in the EU and its Member States, and sets out the main legal issues raised in the European Parliament’s request for an opinion (A-1/19 of 22 November 2019) to the Court of Justice of the European Union. Special focus is put on the choice of the correct EU legal basis and the practices of ‘splitting’ and ‘common accord’. This article argues that the European Parliament’s request for an opinion provides the perfect opportunity for the Court of Justice of the European Union to further clarify the law and the practice of concluding mixed agreements by the EU and its Member States.

The Snow Crab Dispute on the Continental Shelf of Svalbard: A Case-Study on Options for the Settlement of International Fisheries Access Disputes

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 455-470
Author(s):  
Valentin J. Schatz
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
International Dispute ◽  
National Jurisdiction

Abstract Disputes concerning access to fisheries within national jurisdiction can be drivers of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. International courts and tribunals may play an important role in settling certain categories of fisheries access disputes and in clarifying the applicable legal framework. This article explores international dispute settlement options for the dispute between the European Union (EU) and Norway over access to the snow crab fishery in Svalbard’s waters as an example of a complex fisheries access dispute. In doing so, it considers the potential and limits of: 1) the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism under Section 2 of Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and 2) litigation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

scholarly journals Subsidy Risk Related to Construction Projects: Seeking Causes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Hanak ◽  
Jana Korytarova
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Public Subsidy ◽  
Project Life Cycle ◽  
Project Life

AbstractMany construction projects are realized with public subsidy, e.g. subsidies from the European Union, state budget and/ or municipal resources. The reimbursement of the subsidy depends on a number of conditions, such as completion of the project in time or compliance with operation conditions. The purpose of this research is to seek causes of subsidy risk related to construction projects. In particular, research aims at addressing causes that may lead to the loss of subsidy, reduction of subsidy and/or a penalty payment. Research is conducted as a case study of selected construction projects and the Czech Republic is chosen as a study area. Set of data representing 20 construction projects which faced the threat of reduction or loss of subsidy was collected from available sources and results represent the spectrum of identified risk causes and their distribution in the different phases of the project life cycle and according to the risk source breakdown structure. From managerial perspective, output of this research may serve as a support for investors who plan to apply for public subsidy for their construction projects. Several recommendations for subsidy risk avoidance have been proposed at the end of the paper.

Trade unions strategies to address inclusion of vulnerable employees in “anchored” services in Europe

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassil Kirov ◽  
Pernille Hohnen
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Desk Research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade unions may address the questions of inclusion of vulnerable employees in low-wage “anchored” sectors in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach – The findings presented in the paper are mainly results of the analysis of stakeholder policies and strategies on the national level and on the European level, including both desk research and interviews with social partner representatives and other experts in the sectors as well as company case studies carried out in the examined countries in three selected sectors: cleaning, waste collection and catering. Findings – The main findings of the paper refer to the indirect way in which trade unions try to promote the inclusion of vulnerable groups in the examined sectors. On this basis are formulated policy recommendations. Research limitations/implications – The paper is based on case study research that does not cover all possible “anchored” services, vulnerable groups and types of countries, according to their employment and social models. Practical implications – This paper formulates practical recommendations to European trade unions in the services. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is related to comparative research focused on services sectors and the consequences of the spatial reorganisation of sectors for the trade union actions.

scholarly journals The Perception of CSR Activities in a Selected Segment of McDonald’s Customers in the Czech Republic and Its Effect on Their Purchasing Behavior—A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8627
Author(s):  
Dita Hommerová ◽  
Karel Šrédl ◽  
Lucie Vrbková ◽  
Roman Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
National Level ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Target Segment ◽  
Corporate Social

This case study presents the results of research which focused on the perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities by customers in a target segment of a selected fast-food chain in Czechia and its impact on their purchasing behavior. A total of 264 duly completed questionnaires were analyzed. Furthermore, the article presents the specifics of the development and fulfillment of the CSR concept in Czechia and at the same time points out differences in the implementation of the McDonald’s CSR concept at the global level compared to its implementation at the national level in the Czech environment. Statistical dependence between age as well as education and understanding the essence of CSR was proven, while no correlation was identified when it comes to gender. Among factors affecting the purchasing decision-making process in the target segment of a selected company, CSR activities (i.e., the environmental mindset of the company) rank fourth after price, quality, and recommendations from friends. The results of this research can be applied to other restaurant establishments in Czechia, taking into consideration their target segments, and used for further research into the awareness and effect of CSR on consumer purchasing behavior and its comparison at the international level.

The So-Called Pan-European Depositors' Protection Scheme

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Pierre de Gioia-Carabellese ◽  
Corrado Chessa
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Bank Deposits ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
June July

This article focuses on the legal provisions of Directive 2014/49 on deposit guarantee schemes (the DGS Directive) and focuses on how the national schemes financially support each another by offering a critical analysis to demonstrate that the new legal framework is far from satisfactory. This is because the new ‘safety net’, still hinged on depositors' protections schemes that operate at the national level, is fettered by the quantitative limits and legal constraints of mutual borrowing. This ultimately still leaves the EU/EEA depositors with an element of uncertainty. This contribution also seeks to illustrate that the recent mass withdrawal from bank deposits in Greece (in June/July 2015) was an unsuccessful test case for the new legislation, which was ironically already in force at the time the crisis unfolded. This case study of Greece is coupled with the important Landslaki dictum which is given equal attention in this article. Together they give significant credibility to the view that the DGS Directive, seemingly not fully aware of the lessons to be learnt from the 2011 Eurozone crisis, is obsolete and should be amended as soon as possible.

Competitiveness and Economic Growth in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2408
Author(s):  
Natália ZAGORŠEKOVÁ ◽  
Michaela ČIEFOVÁ ◽  
Andrea ČAMBALÍKOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Global Competitiveness Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Union Member States

The paper focuses on competitiveness at the national level and on the impact of competitiveness on economic growth. We look at the relationship between competitiveness and economic growth based on the data from the European Union member states. The competitiveness of the economies is measured by the Global Competitiveness Index, which is published by the World Economic Forum. The European Union member states show significant differences in competitiveness. In the sample examined, the positive relationship between the level of competitiveness and economic growth was not confirmed.

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