scholarly journals Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Sayed Ziedan ◽  
Ibrahim Elewa ◽  
Mostafa Mostafa ◽  
Ahmed Sahab
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Va Mycorrhizae ◽  
Root Diseases

Application of Mycorrhizae for Controlling Root Diseases of Sesame Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (VAM) was evaluated as a biotic agent for controlling wilt and root-rot diseases of sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami (Zap.) Cast and Macrophomina phaseolina (Moubl) Ashby pathogens can infect sesame plant at any growth stage causing considerable losses of seed yield. Spores of VA mycorrhizae fungi (Glomus spp.) were collected from the soil around the root systems of sesame plants then propagated on roots of Suddan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese). Under green house and field conditions, two hundreds sporocarps of Glomus spp. were added as a soil drench beside the sesame plant. Glomus spp. (VA mycorrhizae) significantly reduced wilt and root-rot incidence of sesame plants. Lums spp. (VA mycorrhizae) also significantly increased plant morphological characters such as plant height, number of branches and number of pods for each plant. Application of Glomus spp. to protect sesame plants by colonizing the root system, significantly reduced colonization of fungal pathogens in sesame rhizosphere as well as pathogenic activity of fungal pathogens increased lignin contents in the sesame root system were also observed. Furthermore, mycorrhizae treatment provided selective bacterial stimulation for colonization on sesame rhizosphere. These bacteria belonging the Bacillus group showed highly antagonistic potential to fungal pathogens. Application of mycorrhizae together with other biocontrol agent such as Trichoderma viride or Bacillus subtilis significantly effected than individual treatments for controlling these diseases incidences and increasing morphological characters and seed yield of sesame.

scholarly journals Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and soil organic amendments for the management of root diseases complex of uridbean

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Siddiqui ◽  
S. S.. Shaukat ◽  
S. Ehteshamul-Haque
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Neem Cake ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Efficacy of two strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (Pa-5 and IE-2) and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> isolate alone or in conjunction with neem cake or <i>Datura fastuosa</i> was tested for the management of three soilbrne root-infecting fungi including <i>Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> and the root-knot nematode, <i>Meloidogyne javanica</i> on uridbean. Biocontrol bacteria used in combination with either neem cake or <i>D.fastuosa</i> gave better control of the root-rot and root-knot infection with the enhancement of growth of uridbean compared to the use ofeither component alone. Neem cake l% w/w mixed with <i>P.aeruginosa</i> strain IE-2 caused greatest inhibition of the root-knot development due to <i>M.javanica, P.aeruginosa</i> and <i>B.subtilis</i> used with organic amendment also increased <i>Bradyrhizobium</i>-nodules in the root system.

scholarly journals Interaction of Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani as root rot pathogens of Cucumis melo

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Formiga Porto ◽  
Márcia Michelle de Queiroz Ambrósio ◽  
Selma Rogéria de Carvalho Nascimento ◽  
Beatriz Letícia Silva da Cruz ◽  
Taffarel Melo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Mixed Inoculum

ABSTRACT Root diseases represent one of the main reasons for yield loss in melon crops, especially root and stem rots caused by pathogens like the fungi Fusarium solani (Fs), Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) and Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), frequently observed in muskmelon either alone or in combination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between the pathogens Fs, Mp and Rs on the incidence and severity of root rot and muskmelon development. Two greenhouse experiments were performed using plastic pots with substrate infested with each pathogenic agent alone or in combination. The second experiment was conducted in the same pots that were used in the first experiment. In the first experiment, the disease incidence was higher for the treatment with Fs alone. In the second experiment, the disease incidence and severity were greater for treatment Fs + Rs than for Fs alone. Macrophomina phaseolina was the most commonly isolated pathogen when applied to the plants in a paired mixed inoculum (Fs + Mp and Mp + Rs) in the first experiment. In the second experiment, Fs was more prevalent than the other studied pathogens. Soil infested with Fs had the lowest fresh weight of muskmelon. The pathogens Fs and Mp were more competitive than Rs.

Fungal biocontrol of root diseases: endomycorrhizal suppression of cylindrocarpon root rot

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cylindrocarpon Destructans ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Inoculum Preparation ◽  
Peach Rootstocks

Many reviews in the past decade outline the need to understand the complex interactions between fungal pathogens of roots, mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizosphere associates, and various climatic and edaphic factors to develop stable mycorrhizal biocontrol strategies. Cylindrocarpon root rot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans is a good example of a replant disorder that is amenable to this type of control in nurseries and new or renovated orchard sites. Cylindrocarpon root rot was reduced by endomycorrhizal colonization of potted peach rootstocks with Glomus aggregatum under controlled environment conditions using Turface or natural, untreated orchard soils. Several mechanisms of suppression are discussed including tolerance to the pathogen through increased host vigor and reduced exudation, competition for space and nutrients, and induced host resistance. Technical innovations and new concepts of fungal community ecology are improving the odds of developing effective biocontrols with mycorrhizae. Exploitation of natural and integrated disease management using multiple mechanisms of pathogen inhibition may offset the difficulties in inoculum preparation. Key words: Cylindrocarpon destructans, antagonism, competition, rhizosphere, mycorrhizosphere.

scholarly journals First Report of Crown and Root Rot in Strawberry Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Israel

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 1014-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zveibil ◽  
S. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Pathogenicity Assay

A phenomenon of wilting in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) transplants, cultivated for annual winter production, was observed on several cultivars at 14 farmers' plots in nine growing regions in Israel during September and October 2004. Typical ‘charcoal rot’ symptoms included necrotic root and crown rot accompanied by plant wilting and chlorosis of leaves (1). Pure cultures of Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated from affected roots and crowns of plants (1) when incubated at 25°C in the dark on potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Difco Laboratories, Sparks, MD) medium containing 250 mg/l of chloramphenicol. Dark, oblong sclerotia averaging 40 μm wide by 200 μm long were observed in the infected root tissue and in culture 7 to 10 days after isolation (2). Twenty-two single sclerotium isolates were recovered from five infected cultivars (Yuval, Herut, Tamar, Hadas, and Malach) and three representative isolates were used in two pathogenicity assays. Inoculum of M. phaseolina was produced by blending 3-week-old cultures on PDA plates (9 cm diameter) in 100 ml of sterile distilled water, filtering the suspension through eight layers of gauze, and adjusting the concentration to 105 sclerotia per ml. In the first pathogenicity assay, each of the three isolates was inoculated on five plants (cv. Malach). Plants were produced from nursery runners and potted in a soilless coconut and styrofoam (3:1 vol/vol) medium, 1 liter per pot. Each plant was inoculated by pouring 50 ml of sterile water containing 105 sclerotia per ml per pot. Plants were incubated at 30°C with 12-h day/night conditions and watered with 100 ml every 3 to 7 days. Five noninoculated control plants were included. Necrosis at the base of petioles and chlorosis of leaves, followed by initial wilting of leaves, were observed after 2 weeks on inoculated plants. Plant mortality was first recorded approximately 5 weeks after inoculation and 100% mortality was recorded 10 weeks postinoculation. In the second pathogenicity assay, the same three isolates were used to inoculate four plants each of two different cultivars (Malach and Hadas) as described previously. Identical disease symptoms, as described previously, were observed 17 days after inoculation. Initial plant mortality was observed approximately 6 weeks postinoculation. In both pathogenicity assays, M. phaseolina was readily reisolated on amended PDA from all symptomatic and dead plants, which successfully completed Koch's postulates. Noninoculated control plants remained healthy. Although M. phaseolina has been reported in other crops in Israel, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the pathogen on strawberry in our country. This study suggests that the current soil fumigation regimen for control of fungal pathogens such as M. phaseolina, utilizing alternatives to methyl bromide which is currently being phased out in Israel, may not be adequate to maintain healthy strawberry material at all production stages. A similar observation was recently reported in Florida (2). Charcoal rot of strawberry has also been recorded on strawberry in France, India, and Egypt (1). References: (1) J. Maas. Macrophomina leaf blight and dry crown rot and Macro-phomina root rot and charcoal rot. Pages 26 and 59 in: Compendium of Strawberry Diseases. 2nd ed. J. L. Maas, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1998. (2) J. Mertely et al. Plant Dis. 89:434, 2005.

Occurrence and importance of root rots caused by fungal pathogens on sugar beet grown in Konya province of Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 674-681
Author(s):  
Rıza Kaya ◽  
Meltem Avan ◽  
Cemre Aksoy ◽  
Fikret Demirci ◽  
Yakup Zekai Katircioğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Aphanomyces Cochlioides ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
Phytophthora Spp

Sugar beet is extensively grown in Konya province of Turkey and about one third of production of Turkey is obtained from this region. Recently root rots have been observed at all the growth stages of sugar beet especially at later stages near the harvest. During 2015–2017 growing years, 866 fields were visited and diseased samples having root rot symptoms were collected. Various root rot pathogens were isolated from 691 fields; Rhizoctonia solani being the most common (15% of the fields) followed by Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Phoma betae, Aphanomyces cochlioides and Pythium spp. Apart from these pathogens, Fusarium culmorum, F. equiseti, F. sambucinum, F. verticillatum, unidentified Fusarium spp., Macrophomina phaseolina and Phytophthora spp. were also determined. All the fungal pathogens were isolated from both of the sugar beet growing stages of 0–12 BBCH and 31–49 BBCH, some of them being high ratios at the late stages. Some isolates of A. cochlioides, P. betae, Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., and R. solani were highly aggressive when tested by a soil inoculum layer technique. Effects of twelve fungicides, in sixteen different combination and rate, on the most virulant and common four pathogens, A. cochlioides P. betae, Py. ultimum var. ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, were investigated by the same technique. None of the fungicide mixes inhibited all four pathogens. Thiram + metalaxyl + hymexazol + pyraclastrobin mix sufficiently prevented disease development of the first three pathogens but not R. solani.

Suppression of Root Diseases and Weeds in Peas(Pisum sativum)Treated with Dinitrophenol and Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Sacher ◽  
H. J. Hopen ◽  
B. J. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Disease Severity Index ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and certain dinitroaniline herbicides suppressed root rot caused byAphanomyces euteichesDrechs. and other fungal pathogens in peas(Pisum sativumL.). Dinoseb was the most effective. At 6.72 kg/ha pre-plant incorporated (PPI) it reduced the disease severity index (DSI) in glasshouse bioassays to the level considered safe for general use by commercial growers. In fields tests disease severity was reduced and yield of peas was increased with dinoseb. Dinitroaniline herbicides reduced DSI values to the level considered safe for early crop peas. A simplified DSI method of measuring root rot based on mid-season root symptoms was found to be effective. Weed control was superior with the dinitroanilines and propachlor (2-chloro-N-isoproylacetanilide). Dinoseb significantly reduced weed populations relative to untreated plots. Several dinitroaniline treatments caused stunting and stand reduction.

scholarly journals Integrated Management of Damping-off, Root and/or Stem Rot Diseases of Chickpea and Efficacy of the Suggested Formula

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montaser Fawzy ABDEL-MONAIM
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Sowing Dates

Eleven fungal isolates were isolated from naturally infected chickpea roots collected from different locations in New Valley Governorate (Egypt). The isolated fungi were purified and identified as Rhizoctonia solani (5 isolates), Fusarium solani (4 isolates) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2 isolates). The isolated fungi proved their pathogenicity on cv. ‘Giza 3’. Response of chickpea cvs. ‘Giza 1’, ‘Giza 2’, ‘Giza 3’, ‘Giza 4’, ‘Giza 88’, ‘Giza 195’, ‘Giza 531’ to infection by the tested fungi was significantly varied. ‘Giza 1’ was the most resistant one followed by ‘Giza 531’, while the other tested cvs. were highly susceptible. Seven biocontrol agents, namely Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were tested for their antagonistic action against the tested pathogens. B. subtilis isolate BSM1, B. megaterium isolate TVM5, T. viride isolate TVM2 and T. harzianum isolate THM4 were the most antagonistic ones to the tested fungi in vitro, while the other isolates were moderate or weak antagonists. The most antagonistic isolates as well as the commercial biocide Rhizo-N were applied as seed treatment for controlling damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases caused by the tested fungi under greenhouse conditions. The obtained data showed that all tested antagonistic isolates were able to cause significant reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot diseases in chickpea plants. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) proved to be the most effective isolates for controlling the diseases. Under field condition, the obtained data indicated that all the tested antagonistic isolates significantly reduced damping-off, root and/or stem rot. T. viride (isolate TVM2) and B. megaterium (isolate BMM5) recorded the highest reduction of damping-off, root and/or stem rot in all sowing dates. Sowing of treated seeds with bioagents in first of November gave the highest protection against root diseases in chickpea. The reduction in damping-off, root and/or stem rot severity was significantly reflected on the produced seed yield. In this respect, seeds previously treated with T. viride (TVM2) produced the highest seed yield in all sowing dates followed by seed treated with B. megaterium (TVM5). First of November was the best sowing date to reduce these diseases and to increase seed yield/fed. On the other hand, the antagonistic isolates isolated from chickpea rhizosphere, were most active than the commercial biocide Rhizo-N in reducing chickpea root diseases and increase of seed yield in greenhouse and field conditions.

scholarly journals Suppression of soil-borne root pathogens of arid legumes by Sinorhizobium saheli

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Gautam ◽  
SK Singh ◽  
V Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Root Nodulation ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Root Pathogens ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

The productivity of arid legumes in arid and semi-arid tracks remains virtually stagnant over decades because of their susceptibility to root diseases. The information on interaction of beneficial nitrogen fixing rhizobia with particular reference to arid legumes of the region is limited. Systematic studies on predominant species Sinorhizobium saheli in management of root pathogens in arid legumes were undertaken. In-vitro interactions of root pathogens and S. saheli isolated from arid legumes significantly suppressed the growth of all fungal pathogens in presence of S. saheli. In addition the growth of Rhizobium was stimulated in presence of different root pathogens. A field experiment on integrated disease managementexhibited that the maximum root nodulation with the maximum seed yield of 1325 kg/ha was observed from treatment where seeds were treated with S. saheli. Whereas, the minimum root nodulation was recorded in treatment, where a mixture of isolated fungal root pathogens were co-inoculated with S. Saheli was recorded from cowpea. The minimum seed yield was recorded from treatment wherein the mixture of isolated root pathogens of arid legumes was co-inoculated with S. Saheli due to increased disease pressure. The results of in-vitro and in-vivo efficacy of S. saheli strains suggest that their co-inoculation with PGPR’s can not only reduce the use of chemical fertilizers but also can significantly enhance yields by increasing plant growth and suppressing soil borne plant pathogenic fungi.SAARC J. Agri., 13(1): 63-74 (2015)

scholarly journals Halo Tolerance of Biocontrol Agents against Root Rot of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata) Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in Salt Affected Soils

2021 ◽  
pp. 316-326
Author(s):  
P. T. Sharavanan ◽  
V. K. Satya ◽  
M. Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Field Condition ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Ph Level

Root rot of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata] is major disease and claims huge yield loss if they occur in the field. The pathogen is basically soil borne and survivability may vary depends on soil condition. The fungicide chemicals are available to manage the disease; however, the biocontrol agents are nowadays available for the disease management and the microbial activity of the biocontrol agents is influenced by existing soil condition including soil pH. Hence, a study was conducted to find out the halo tolerance capacity of the biocontrol agents against root rot disease in salt affected soils under in vitro, in vivo and field condition. The root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was isolated from infected root. Efficacy of biocontrol agents against growth of M. phaseolina was assessed in vitro. The results revealed that TNAU strain of Bacillus subtilis reduced the mycelial growth of the M. phaseolina significantly when media supplemented with NaCl at 5% (1.4 cm), 7.5% (1.5 cm), 10% (1.6cm) and 12.5% (1.6 cm) and without NaCl (1.2 cm) and similar trend of reduction also expressed by BCA1 strain of B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride under in vitro. The performance of the biocontrol agents against the pathogen is slightly reduced when media supplemented with NaCl. The reduction of mycelia weight of M.phaeolina was more in media added with TNAU strain of B.subtilis and the performance of TNAU strain of B.subtilis on reduction of mycelial weight of M.phaseolina is reduced when the broth added with NaCl at 5% (3.15g), 7.5% (3.25g), 10% (3.32g) and 12.5%(3.65g) level and which is followed by P. fluorescens, BCA 1 strain of B. subtilis and Trichoderma viride. Under pot culture conditions, the effect of talc formulated biocontrol agents and challenge inoculation with pathogen was assessed against root rot incidence. It was found that the soil application of TNAU strain of B.subtilis performed better in reducing the root rot incidence at pH of 7.0 (2.37%), 7.5 (4.50%), 8.0 (5.53%) and 8.7 (6.57%) and followed by BCA 1 of B.subtilis in all pH level. Among the biocontrol agents, TNAU strain of B.subtilis applied as seed as well as soil application expressed more population in the rhizosphere in all pH level. The biocontrol agents applied as soil application had more populations of the agents in the soil when compared to seed treatment. The halo tolerance performance of the biocontrol agents was also assessed under field condition in pH of 7.5 and 8.7 during 2019-20 and 2020-21. It was found that the minimum root rot incidence and maximum yield was observed from soil application of TNAU strain of B subtilis at 2.5 kg/ha but the effect is on par with soil application of BCA1 strain of B.subtilis at 2.5 kg/ha.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON THE INCIDENCE OF ROOT ROT (MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA) DISEASE IN MULBERRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
S. Vanitha ◽  
M. M. Deshmukh ◽  
Pooshna Sri . M
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
South West Monsoon ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Seasonal Analysis

Root rot disease caused by M. is the major disease in mulberry. The study was conducted in 50 mulberry gardens covering 15 villages during the year 2012-13 by adopting random sampling method. The present survey was taken up in the viz., Coimbatore, Erode, , , , and to assess the incidence of root diseases. The environmental factors that most seriously affect the initiation and development of infectious plant disease are temperature and humidity of the air, amount of rainfall, soil temperature, moisture and fertility. These factors affect disease development through their influence on the growth and susceptibility of the host, on the multiplication and activity of the pathogen or on the interaction of host and pathogen relates to the severity of symptom development. Correlation studies have revealed that average temperature plays the key role in disease incidence invariably in all the locations studied except district, which had no correlation with any of the weather variables, studied. root rot incidence attained peak during a particular period of a month where weather parameters like Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall, Soil Moisture, and Soil Temperature were favorable. The root rot incidence will be minimum if all these conditions are unfavorable. Seasonal analysis revealed that South West Monsoon season was the predominant season for root rot incidence in mulberry. All the locations had peak incidence during SWM season only. The least occurrence had no specific season as it occurs in all the remaining three seasons.

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