Correlation between mammary gland morphology and gland cistern size to lactation milk yield in goat

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szymanowska ◽  
Krzysztof Patkowski ◽  
Anna Miduch ◽  
Michał Milerski
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mammary Gland Morphology

scholarly journals The Effect of Pre-milking Stimulation on Teat Morphological Parameters and Milk Traits in the Italian Water Buffalo

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Costa ◽  
Massimo De Marchi ◽  
Giulio Visentin ◽  
Maria Concetta Campagna ◽  
Antonio Borghese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Manual Stimulation ◽  
The Impact

Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are very sensitive to environmental stimulus before and during milking, and this explains why disrupted milk ejections due to blood oxytocin level instability are frequent in this species. According to the literature, the manual stimulation (MS) of teats before milking promotes oxytocin release and allows milk ejection to start within 2–3 min. However, the pre-milking stimulation of teats is not always part of the milking routine in Italian buffalo farms; moreover, buffaloes with unstable milk let-down are sometimes treated with exogenous oxytocin (OX). Different types of pre-milking stimulation can impact differently on the mammary gland epithelium and structures and, therefore, on milk yield. In this study, we observed the changes in teat morphological traits before and after the application of three types of stimuli, i.e., no manual stimulation (NS), MS, and OX, in buffaloes reared in an Italian dairy farm. In particular, measurements were available for 23 and 21 buffaloes for front and rear teats, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of the pre-milking stimulation type was estimated on teat morphological characteristics and on milk traits recorded after the application of stimuli. The results showed that the teat canal length was shorter (P < 0.05) after stimulation in the case of MS and OX compared to NS. Cistern diameter was overall greater for MS and lower for OX. On the contrary, teat wall thickness was greater and lower for OX and MS, respectively. Milk yield and quality (fat, protein, and somatic cell score) were similar across the three types of pre-milking stimulation. In perspective, the impact of these types of pre-milking stimulation should be evaluated on a large scale, and the focus might be put on mammary gland epithelium integrity, mastitis incidence, and other udder health indicators in milk, e.g., electrical conductivity, differential somatic cell count, lactose content, and sodium and chloride concentration.

scholarly journals Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

10.3791/2260 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia de Assis ◽  
Anni Warri ◽  
M. Idalia Cruz ◽  
Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Mammary Gland Morphology

scholarly journals Endocrine control of energy metabolism in the cow: the effect on milk yield and levels of some blood constituents of injecting growth hormone and growth hormone fragments

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Bines ◽  
I. C. Hart ◽  
S. V. Morant
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Blood Constituents

1. Circulating concentrations of some hormones and metabolites and nitrogen balance were measured in lactating beef and dairy cows given daily injections of growth hormone (GH) and were compared to values before injection. Changes in milk yield and composition were recorded in these cows and in additional cows injected with GH fragments.2. GH, but not GH fragments, raised milk yield while milk composition did not change. GH injection caused a large, rapid increase in the level of the hormone in blood and slower, smaller increases in the concentrations of insulin, prolactin and thyroxine. Blood metabolite levels were unaltered except for a rise in glucose concentration in beef cows during GH injection and a fall in 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the same cows after the injections ceased. An increase in N output in milk was partly balanced by a reduction in urinary N so that N retention did not change significantly.3. GH caused a reduction in food intake in the beef cows.4. The results are discussed in relation to control of partition of nutrients in the lactating cow, where GH is considered to play an important role. It was concluded that this role may be in increasing the supply of energy metabolites for milk synthesis, rather than a direct effect on the activity of the mammary gland.

Mammary gland order and piglet growth during lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 190-190
Author(s):  
S.W. Kim ◽  
W.L. Hurley ◽  
R.A. Easter
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Real ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Piglet Growth

It has been suggested that the anterior glands may be larger, produce more milk or provide a more comfortable position for piglets (Donald, 1937; Gill and Thomson, 1956) while others have suggested that there is no difference in milk yield among teats (Hartman et al., 1962; Pond et al., 1962). The real advantage of the anterior mammary glands of sows for the suckling pig remains unclear. We have demonstrated that substantial mammary growth occurs during lactation in the sows (Kim et al., 1999). This study was designed to relate teat preference and piglet growth with gland size and composition. Our hypothesis is that there are differences between anterior and posterior glands in size and composition and that these differences may be related to piglet growth during lactation.

scholarly journals Estimation of milk yield in the rat

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Morag
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Cross Fostering

The biases inherent in the use of the growth curves of the litter and of milking devices to estimate milk yield in the rat are discussed. A method is described in which the pups are separated from their dams for a period of hours and are then allowed to suck for about 60 minutes. The increase in litter weight during suckling is used as an estimate of milk secretion during the period of separation. Various components of this method were examined and it was shown that (i) the rate of milk secretion in the rat is constant for at least 16 h; (ii) the administration of oxytocin at suckling does not influence the yield at that suckling, but does increase the rate of milk removal; (iii) gland evacuation is completed within 50 to 60 minutes of suckling; (iv) the emptying of the mammary gland prior to the secretion interval increases the sensitivity of the estimate of milk yield; (v) the yield after a standard period of separation is a function of the level of hunger of the litter prior to suckling; (vi) cross-fostering and frequent randomized reallocation of pups between treatment groups eliminate biases inherent in earlier methods. The problems associated with the technique are discussed and a laboratory routine is outlined. The use of the technique in cross-over designs is advocated.

THE HYPOTHALAMIC CENTRES INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF PROLACTIN IN SHEEP

1977 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWA WOLIŃSKA ◽  
JOLANTA POLKOWSKA ◽  
E. DOMAŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Medial Basal Hypothalamus ◽  
Functional Systems ◽  
Advanced Development ◽  
Made In

SUMMARY Lesions made in the anterior medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) in pregnant or lactating ewes caused lack of development of the mammary gland and depressed milk yield, a decrease in plasma prolactin concentration and structural changes in the prolactin cells as manifested by a lack of the expected degranulation (lack of the hormone release) or by atrophic changes and diminished cell granulation (or granule synthesis). Lesions made in the caudal MBH during pregnancy advanced development of the mammary gland, induced a rapid increase in the plasma prolactin concentration and caused extensive degranulation of prolactin cells. These results indicate that at least two functional systems controlling the secretion and production of prolactin exist in the hypothalamus of sheep: an anterior system which is stimulatory and a caudal which is inhibitory.

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