scholarly journals How to Place August 15 in South Korean History? The New Right, the “1948 Foundation” Historical View, and the 2008 Kŏn’gukchŏl Dispute

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Vierthaler
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
New Right ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Korean History ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
Korean State ◽  
A Minor

Abstract In Korea, August 15 marks both the liberation from colonialism (1945) and the promulgation of the South Korean state (1948). As a memorial day, 8.15 became to be narrated mostly as the day of liberation, while 1948 plays only a minor role. However, in the 2000s, the emergence of the New Right brought new debates on how to evaluate post-liberation history. A historical view proposing public memory on 8.15 centred on the “foundation” of South Korea emerged (kŏn’guk view). Combined with attempts to re-name 8.15 into a foundation day (kŏn’gukchŏl), an intense dispute between proponents and opponents of the re-narration was the result. This paper outlines the emergence of the New Right and traces the origins and politicisation of the kŏn’guk view and demonstrates how adopting the kŏn’guk narrative in state commemoration events led to a broad dispute in South Korean society. I trace this view’s origin to 2003 and argue that it got politicised in early 2008 during the early Lee Myung-bak administration. The politicisation resulted in a dispute in politics, civil society, and newspapers, whose progress and characteristics I analyse in detail. As a result of the 2008 Kŏn’gukchŏl Dispute, the issue of how to narrate the events of 1948 became actively discussed in academic scholarship since 2009.

scholarly journals The New Right and the 1948 Foundation View: A Failed Revision of South Korean Cultural Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Vierthaler
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
New Right ◽  
The South ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Global Context ◽  
South Korean ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Korean State ◽  
Cold War History

Abstract The emergence of the South Korean New Right movement in the mid-2000s led to the questions of how to commemorate and evaluate the ROK state establishment in 1948, and when to precisely trace such a “foundation” (1919 or 1948?) to be vividly discussed in South Korean society. Was 1948 primarily a political division? Or was it a “foundation for success”? Following the 2008 Foundation Day Dispute, a significant number of scholarly works on the subject has been produced. This article analyses the conservative side of this discourse, approaching the foundation dispute as a conservative attempt to regain hegemony over South Korean Cultural memory in post-democratisation South Korea. Analysing New Right-authored historiography on the subject of “foundation,” the present study discloses how conservatives narrated the formative years of the South Korean state, arguing that merely dismissing the New Right as historical revisionists is too simple a conclusion. Rather, this article argues that struggles over Cultural memory are rooted in the ideological and institutional polarisation of South Korean intellectuals in contemporary South Korea. Furthermore, by contextualising the Foundation View against progressive historiography within South Korea as well as Cold War history in a global context, this study answers why the Foundation View ultimately failed to gain acceptance.

An Old Right in New Bottles: State without Nation in South Korean New Right Historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Sungik Yang
Keyword(s):  
Recent Change ◽  
New Right ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The South ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Park Chung Hee ◽  
Korean State ◽  
The Right

The New Right movement that arose in the early 2000s in South Korea was a response to a change in ownership of Korean nationalist discourse during the preceding decades. Although nationalism was the preserve of the South Korean right wing from the trusteeship crisis in 1945 through the end of the Park Chung Hee regime, a historiographical revolt in the 1980s that emphasized the historical illegitimacy of the South Korean state allowed the Left to appropriate nationalism. With the loss of nationalism from its arsenal, the Right turned to postnationalist neoliberal discourse to blunt the effectiveness of leftist nationalist rhetoric. An examination of New Right historiography on the colonial and postliberation periods, however, shows that despite the recent change in conservatives’ stance on nationalism, a preoccupation with the legitimacy of the South Korean state remains at the center of right-wing historical narratives. The New Right represents old wine in new bottles.

Global Capital, Business Groups and State Coordination: the Changing Profile of Chaebol-State Relations in South Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soyon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Government Control ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Financial Behaviour ◽  
State Coordination ◽  
Korean State ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Political Economic

This article examines the effects of global capitalism and state coordination on the financial behaviour of <em>chaebol</em> (business conglomerates) in South Korea. This study focuses on the evolution from controller to coordinator in the post-developmental South Korean state. In recent times, the Korean government has been studied as the exemplar of the Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) based on its ability to <em>control</em> economic development. As civil society pressures outgrew government control in the 1990s, the government’s mission shifted from control to <em>coordination </em>– the state sought to accommodate newly emerging or enlarged bargaining domains of key political-economic actors. However, the emergent post-developmental state is buffeted by the growing strength of the private sector, domestically and transnationally. While civil society strived to mobilize mass movements to further social democracy, the neoliberal evolution of capitalist class interests generated institutional configurations favouring the hegemony of finance capital.

Nationalism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungmin Seo
Keyword(s):  
Korean War ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Political History ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Korean Nationalism ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Korean State ◽  
Key Events

South Korea’s nationalism and political history have been shaping each other since the late nineteenth century. While anti-colonial nationalism has been the most important element of contemporary South Korean political identity, the South Korean state has also utilized and altered the forms and contents of South Korean nationalism. Key events in South Korean political history such as colonial experiences, national division, the Korean War, authoritarian rule, democratization, and globalization have been interacting with evolving discourses of nationalism in South Korean society. This chapter reviews the historical development of Korean nationalism, while emphasizing the interactions between nationalism and political history. It also suggests that Korean nationalism is at a crossroads amid democratic consolidation and globalization.

A Reconsideration of the New Right’s Formative Period (2003–2008): Conservative Experiences, Mass Media and Cultural Memory in Post-Authoritarian South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-84
Author(s):  
Patrick Vierthaler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
New Right ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
Korean History ◽  
South Korean

The present article re-considers the emergence and institutionalization of the South Korean New Right Movement (2003–2007). Tracing institutional changes in post-democratization South Korea, I argue that the New Right can be evaluated as a process of Cultural Trauma within the conservative ideological spectrum. Revealing the movement’s institutionalization until the inauguration of the Lee Myung-bak government in 2008, I investigate in detail the role of the conservative mass media in the movement’s rise. Furthermore, I examine the movement’s relation to contemporary Korean history and memory, clarifying why the New Right ultimately failed in gaining wide-spread support for their historical narratives.

English for North Korean refugees in South Korea

English Today ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eun-Young Jang ◽  
Eun-Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Certified Public Accountant ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
South Korean ◽  
The North ◽  
North Korean Defectors ◽  
Cpa Exam ◽  
North Korean Migrants ◽  
Korean State

Mee-Soo was a good student in North Korea. She came to South Korea in her early teens, and South Korean state policy for North Korean defectors enabled her to gain entry into a decent university in Seoul. She majored in Business Management and, when she had to choose her sub-major, she chose Accounting over Marketing and Human Resources because she thought she could avoid English. Achieving CPA (Certified Public Accountant) status was the goal for Accounting majors. Passing a score of 700 in the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) was a requirement to take the CPA exam. Mee-Soo worked hard studying for TOEIC and took the test ten times. Her score rose from the 400s to the 600s, but she could not pass the 700 threshold and was left behind while other South Korean students passed the English requirement. She could not even begin to study for the CPA exam itself. She once sighed and told me (one of the authors), ‘I wish I could have a life without English.’ I responded, ‘I didn't think English would be so important to North Koreans in South Korea.’ To this, Mee-Soo exclaimed, ‘It is a matter of survival.’ Given there have now been over 70 years of separation between North and South Korea since the Korean War, it is unquestionable that North Korean migrants face and struggle with a variety of troubles in their attempts to settle into South Korean society. In this context, why does English constitute a ‘matter of survival’ for North Koreans when there are so many other critical issues for these individuals, who crossed several borders at the risk of their lives? This phenomena, that ‘English’ represents a major difficulty for North Korean defectors in their process of settling in South Korea (Jung & Lim, 2009), constitutes an interesting linguistic phenomena in an intra-ethnic contact. However, by itself, this statement somewhat simplifies how English actually affects the migrant group. Instead, its influence works in a surprisingly diverse number of ways across different ranges and layers within the North Korean population, depending on their regional and social background, age, time of migration, and possibly many other factors. A meaningful pattern we discuss here is the changing relations between English and North Korean migrants according to age; it is the North Korean young adults who seem to be particularly affected by English and disproportionately in need of English teaching. We also note, though, that this pattern itself is changing, as we are seeing the recent increase of children of North Korean migrants born and educated in South Korea or in China.

scholarly journals AGAMA KHONGHUCU DAN BUDDHA DALAM LINTASAN SEJARAH KOREA

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Zainal Abidin Eko Putro ◽  
Cahyo Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Current Development ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Korean History ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
Plural Society

South Korean society has a plural society with its different religious background. Khonghucu (Confucianism) and Buddhism have grown in the country for the last several centuries. Khonghucu teaches philosophy and thingking about politics and culture which form identity and ethic of Korean society. Likewise, Buddhism has a role in establishing basic identity and culture of Korean society. Other religions such as Catholic, Islam, Protestant, and shamanism are also followed by Korean. This article tries to respond the question about religious environment among Korean society, especially the question for the ground of Confucianism and Buddhism in Korean history. This article is resulted from a desk literature research which also aims at describing the current development of Confucianism and Buddhism and their role in forming culture as well as identity of Korean people.Keywords: Confucianism, Buddhism, shamanism, Xu she scripture, and mass culture.AbstrakMasyarakat Korea Selatan merupakan masyarakat yang heterogen dari sisi agama. Agama Khonghucu dan Agama Buddha telah berkembang di Korea sejak berabad lampau. Agama Khonghucu sangat mengandung unsur-unsur filsafat pemikiran, politik, dan kebudayaan yang berakar dan berpengaruh ke dalam pembentukan etika dan identitas bangsa Korea. Agama Buddhajuga berperan dalam pembentukan dasar-dasar identitas dan kebudayaan Korea. Selain Agama Kristen, Islam dan Katholik, agama setempat atau shamanisme juga tetap dipeluk sebagian masyarakat Korea Selatan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagaimanakah situasi kehidupan beragama di Korea Selatan dan bagaimanakah kedudukan Agama Khonghucu dan Buddha dalam sejarah perjalanan bangsa Korea. Tulisan yang dihasilkan dari penelitian literature ini ini juga dimaksudkan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimanakah kondisi Agama Khonghucu dan Buddha di Korea pada masa kini dan bagaimana perannya dalam membentuk kebudayaan dan identitas nasional Bangsa Korea.Kata Kunci: Agama Khonghucu, Agama Buddha, shamanisme, teks-teks Xu she, dan budaya massa.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

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