scholarly journals Yarkovskoe 1 hillfort – monument of the XII–XIV centuries in the Tobolsk Irtysh River region

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (34) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Aleksander A. Adamov ◽  
◽  
Igor V. Balyunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Urals ◽  
River Region ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Irtysh River ◽  
Main Component

Known archaeological sources indicate migration the groups of the Urals population into Western Siberia during the XII–XIV centuries. However, this process continues to be poorly studied, which can be partially corrected by referring to the archaeological materials of the Yarkovskoe 1 hillfort. Pre-revolutionary researchers knew this monument of Tobolsk Irtysh River region, but its excavations began relatively recently. The 2015 excavation revealed a significant number of individual finds from copper, bronze, silver and iron. Quite often fragments of ceramic dishes, bone and stone products were found. The closest analogies to the implement complex of the Yarkovskoe hillfort were found in the cis-Urals sites of the Rodanovo archaeological culture. The authors' assumption is confirmed by the findings of ornamented ceramics, crucible, bronze pendants, a silver ring, padlocks and a needle bar and other items. However, not all features of the material culture of the local population have direct analogies among the Rodanovo antiquities, which indicate that a synthesis of a number of cultures took place in the Tobolsk Irtysh region. Among the finds, one can distinguish both things of clearly Siberian origin and those brought from the territory of the Volga and Central Asia. The authors distinguish that the main component of the population of the Yarkovskoe 1 hillfort were the Rodanovo culture population who came from beyond the Urals. The Rodanovo people who arrived from the trans-Urals, as they moved to the lower reaches of the Tobol could include foreign cultures, including the Yudino culture, as well as the local Kintusovskoye culture components.

scholarly journals Turkic burial accompanied by horses from the Upper Irtysh River region

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
A.A. Tkachev ◽  
Al.Al. Tkachev
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
River Region ◽  
State Association ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Irtysh River

The second half of the 1st millennium AD is associated with the development and formation of the culture of ancient Turkic peoples, who repeatedly developed several large ethnopolitical associations in the steppe zone of Central Asia. Political and cultural influences of the Turkic state formations were perceived not only by the seden-tary population of the states that existed in the territory of East and Central Asia, but also by further north peoples who lived in the steppe and taiga zones. Under the Turkic influence, or with their direct participation, the Kimako-Kipchak proto-state association began taking shape in the Upper Irtysh River region in the 7th century AD. The initial stage of this process, features of the funeral rite, and characteristic elements of the material culture of the population living in the region are almost unknown due to insufficient exploration of the monuments of the devel-opmental stage of this polyethnic formation. The paper describes the materials of the barrow cemetery of Menov-noye XII, located in the territory of the Upper Irtysh River, 2.1 km southeast of the village of Menovnoye, Tavrichesky district, East Kazakhstan Province. Under the barrow mound, there was a fence with outbuildings containing burials of a man, two horses, and two dogs. The central burial was robbed. The sacrificial pit, located north of the main grave, contained the burial of two horses, laid on their stomachs with their legs tucked under their bodies and with their heads oriented to the east. The buried person was accompanied by two dogs: one was laid across the ceiling of the grave, while the other was buried in a separate pit in an additional annex. The grave goods found with the deceased represented by astragali, a bronze ring, and a fragment of an iron arrowhead. The horse harness included stirrups and iron bits. The bridle belts were adorned with bronze items: bells, triplet plaques, bronze onlays, and belt tip ends. Bronze buckles with iron tongues, which were tucked into clips, were used to adjust the tension of the headband straps. The funeral rite features and analysis of the materials collected during the study of the memorial complex make it possible to associate the burials of the 3rd barrow of the Menov-noye XII with the Early Kimak antiquities within the framework of the Turkic era and to date them to the second half of the 7th — 8th century AD.

On Early Medieval Contacts of the Urals and Western Siberia with Central Asia: The Evidence of Ceramics

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
N. P. Matveeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Early Medieval

Рассматривается керамика кушнаренковского типа с памятников Приуралья и бакальской культуры Западной Сибири IV-VIII вв. Она выделена исследователями в 60-х гг. ХХ в. как показатель крупных миграционных процессов, связанных с этногенезом мадьяр. Анализ форм, технологии производства и декора керамики данного типа позволил выявить импортные изделия и местные подражания посуде из Приаралья. В музейных коллекциях керамики из джетыасарских могильников Алтынасар-4, Бедаикасар-2, Косасар-2 и -3, Томпакасар обнаружены сосуды, относящиеся к бакальской культуре, а также образцы, по которым изготавливались подражания в лесостепной зоне. Учтен результат сравнительно-статистического анализа погребального обряда синхронных уральских и западно-сибирских культур, согласно которому специфические характеристики для погребений с кушнаренковскими сосудами не выявлены. Эти факты вместе с художественной утварью, монетами, престижными украшениями и поясной гарнитурой рассматриваются как свидетельства активной караванной торговли в урало-западносибирско-казахстанском регионе. Предлагается не расценивать кушнаренковский таксон в качестве археологической культуры, сохранить употребление термина «кушнаренковский» для типа керамики, считать эту керамику отражением субкультуры, обслуживавшей престижное потребление, и связывать с продукцией бродячих ремесленников или производством в торговых факториях.

On Early Medieval Contacts of the Urals and Western Siberia with Central Asia: The Evidence of Ceramics

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
N. P. Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Specific Culture ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Burial Rite

The study focuses on the Kushnarenkovo-type ceramics from sites in the Cis-Urals and those from sites of the Bakalskaya culture in Western Siberia (300–800 AD). This type was first described in the 1960s as an indicator of major migrations relating to Magyar origins. The analysis of forms, technology, and decoration makes it possible to identify imported ware from local replicas of the Aral ceramics. Certain vessels from the Dzhetyasar cemeteries Altynasar-4, Bedaikasar-2, Kosasar-2 and -3, and Tompakasar, owned by museums, can be attributed to the Bakalskaya culture, whereas others were prototypes for replicas manufactured in the forest-steppe zone. The statistical analysis of the burial rite of contemporaneous Uralian and Western Siberian cultures reveals no features correlating with Kushnarenkovo vessels. These facts, along with the analysis of decorated utensils, coins, prestigious ornaments, and belt sets, evidence intense caravan trade between the Urals, Western Siberia, and Kazakhstan. Rather than an indicator of a specific culture, then, the Kushnarenkovo ceramics indicate a subculture of upper social strata, served by itinerant craftsmen or by manufacturers at trade factories.

scholarly journals Semiyarka IV burial complex of the Middle Bronze Age (Eastern Kazakhstan)

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
S.P. Grushin ◽  
I.V. Merts ◽  
V.K. Merts ◽  
V.V. Ilyushina ◽  
A.V. Fribus
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

The paper is aimed at the analysis of the Middle Bronze Age materials from the Semiyarka IV burial ground in East Kazakhstan. In 2016–2018, two stone fences on the site were investigated by a joint expedition of the Altai and Pavlodar State Universities. The two fences contained human burials, inhumed in a wooden structure and in a composite stone cist box. The purpose of this work is to determine regional features and chronology of the Semiyarka IV funerary complex, as well as details of the ethnocultural development of the local population in the Middle Bronze Age. The research methodology includes analyses of the planigraphy and stratigraphy, compara-tive and typological study of the artifacts, anthropological investigation, examination of the pottery manufacturing technology, and radiocarbon dating. The technical and technological analysis of the pottery production was car-ried out using the method of A.A. Bobrinsky. Radiocarbon dates from wood and human bone samples were ob-tained by the liquid scintillation method in the archaeological technology laboratory of the Institute for the History of the Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The dates were then calibrated using CALIB 8.2 program and IntCal 20 calibration curve. The body of collected data allows us to conclude that the Andronovo burial ground of Semiyarka IV is distinguished by its syncretism which is manifested in two different cultural com-ponents. The first component, ‘Central Kazakhstan’, is represented by the architectural traditions of building stone fences and graves cemented with a clay mortar, as well as by the presence of chamotte in the pottery containing additives traditional for the population of Central Kazakhstan. The second component, ‘Siberian’, is represented by the tradition of building wooden crypts, and in the ceramics complex, by some peculiar ornamental patterns typical of the eastern Ob River valley. The site is dated to the turn of the 18th/17th –16th c. BC. The architectural similarities of the Semiyarka IV burial ground structures with the Yenisei sites suggest that their origin is associ-ated with the Irtysh River region. The migration period of the mobile Andronovo communities to the northeast is dated to the 17th c. BC.

scholarly journals The origins of the population of Western Siberia in the Early Iron Age according to odontological data

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
A.V. Sleptsova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
River Region ◽  
Irtysh River

The results of the study of the dental anthropology complexes of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures of the Early Iron Age in Western Siberia are presented. The source base of the study is 490 individuals from burials located in the Tobol, Ishim, Irtysh River regions, as well as on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe zone. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the origin and processes of the formation of the anthropological composition of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures on the basis of new dental anthropological data. Trigonometrically transformed dental trait frequencies were subjected to the principal component analysis. Be-sides Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures samples, 17 Bronze Age and 27 Early Iron Age dental samples from different region of Eurasia were used for statistical comparison. The results of the statistical comparison may possible to make a several conclusions. The anthropological composition of the Gorokhov population and Sargat groups from the Tobol, Ishim and Irtysh River regions was significantly influenced by diachronic contacts with the descendants of the Andronovo tribes of the Southern Urals, and synchronous relation with the Savromats and Sarmatians of the Southern Urals. The population of the Sargatka culture and the Gorokhovo groups, simultane-ously living on the territory of the Tobol River region in the 5th–3rd centuries BC significantly different from each other. However, the subsequent close population relation between the Sargatka and Gorokhovo groups and their contacts with the Sarmatians contributed to the convergence of their anthropological composition. In the formation of the anthropological composition of the Sargatka population of Baraba forest-steppe zone the main role belongs to the local Late Bronze groups — the Fedorovo Bronze Age population of Western Siberia and their descen-dants, people of the Irmen culture. The most specific is the anthropological composition of the Kashino popula-tion. The specificity of the small group of the Abatsky 3 burial of Kashino culture from the Ishim River region lies in the sharp predominance of the features of the “eastern” dental non-metric complex, which distinguishes this popu-lation from the groups of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of Western Siberia and adjacent territories.

scholarly journals The Sarov complex on the Singul Lake

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
A.A. Tkachev ◽  
Al.Al. Tkachev ◽  
T.N. Rafikova
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Northern Taiga ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
River Region ◽  
Irtysh River

The paper presents the results of the study of the Sarov complex in the Roza Vetrov VII settlement, located in the forest-steppe Tobol River Region (Western Siberia). The Sarov stage of the Kulayka Culture terminates the Early Iron Age and dates to the 1st c. BC — 3rd c. AD. The dwelling represented by a hut-like superstructure used by fishermen during the spawning period of the warm season is described. Also characterised are the tools in-cluding pestle, grindstone, and a fragment of the casting form. The pottery complex reflects all specific features of the Sarov stage ware — the monotony of the ornamental composition, which consists of multiple repetition of rows of the combed stamp and waves, downswept rims. The characteristic of the sample is the complete absence of figured stamps in the ornamentation. The time of migration of the northern taiga population into the sub-taiga and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia is based on the chronological position of the Sarov sites and specifics of the historical and cultural situation in the present region in the end of the Early Iron Age. The Sargatka Culture, which was spread in the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, existed until the end of the 2nd — early 3rd c. AD. The Sarov complex of the Ayga VIII settlement is attributed to the 3rd c. AD; the burials of the multicultural Kozlov burial ground, where the Sarov pottery has been found, are dated to the 3rd–6th c. AD. The spread of the Sarov population occurred from the Surgut area of the Ob River Region or the Lower Irtysh River Region along the main water arteries — the rivers of Irtysh, Tobol, Tura, Iset — from the 3rd c. AD. The Sarov materials of the Roza Vetrov VII settlement could be dated to the same time. The Sarov population took part in the genesis of the early medieval cultures of the forest-steppe and the sub-taiga Trans-Urals. Bakal Culture inherited from the bear-ers of the Sargatka Culture the pottery ornamentation technique, while from the population of the Sarov and Kar-ym Cultures — the shape of vessels with a whisk and cornice sloping inside. The influence of the northern taiga population can also explain the spread of fortifications with bastions in Tobolo-Ishim Region.

scholarly journals Archaeological Heritage of the Town Tara

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156
Author(s):  
Tataurov S. ◽  
◽  
Tikhonov S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Written Materials ◽  
The Town

The article is devoted to the analysis of archaeological materials obtained during the excavations of the Tara fortress / town Tara by Omsk archaeologists. In the more than four-meter cultural layer, seven building horizons have been preserved, in which all of its history has been contained. The peculiarities of the cultural layer contributed to the unique preservation of large objects (dwellings, outbuildings, defensive structures, pavements), as well as cultural and household items made of leather (shoes, belts, covers), wood (plates and cups, tues, whorls, shovels). Perfectly preserved foundations of churches and lower crowns (up to the ninth) of fortress and prison towers, powder magazines, lower crowns of huts with furniture and stoves make it possible not only to study data on material culture not reflected in written materials, but to raise the question of creating museum complexes «under open air», combining them with full-fledged reconstruction of these buildings. The temples of the 18th — 19th centuries, of which only one has survived, and are still known from excavations of foundations, merchant mansions and residential buildings of the late 19th century complement archaeological materials and allow studying the culture of the Tara population for four centuries. Keywords: Western Siberia, Tara, Russian archaeology, historical cities

Sedelnikovaea baicalensis (Lecanoraceae) — new lichen genus and species for Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-416
Author(s):  
T. V. Makryi
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Northeastern Siberia ◽  
Mountain Belts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vast Range

Sedelnikovaea baicalensis, the Siberian-Central Asian lichen species, is recorded for the first time for Europe. Based on all the known localities, including those first-time reported from Baikal Siberia, the peculiarities of the ecology and distribution of this species are discussed, the map of its distribution is provided. It is concluded that the species was erroneously considered earlier as a Central Asian endemic. The center of the present range of this lichen is the steppes of Southern Siberia and Mongolia. Assumptions are made that S. baicalensis is relatively young (Paleogene-Neogene) species otherwise it would have a vast range extending beyond Asia, and also that the Yakut locations of this species indicate that in the Pleistocene its range was wider and covered a significant part of the Northeastern Siberia but later underwent regression. Based on the fact that in the mountains of Central Asia the species is found only in the upper mountain belts, it is proposed to characterize it as «cryo-arid xerophyte» in contrast to «arid xerophytes». A conclusion is made that the presence of extensive disjunctions of S. baicalensis range between the Southern Pre-Urals and the Altai-Sayan Mountains or the Mountains of Central Asia is unlikely; the lichen is most likely to occur in the Urals and most of Kazakhstan.

Development of Soil-Borne Infections in Spring Wheat and Barley as Influenced by Hydrothermal Stress in the Forest-Steppe Conditions of Western Siberia and the Urals

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Toropova ◽  
A. P. Glinushkin ◽  
M. P. Selyuk ◽  
O. A. Kazakova ◽  
A. V. Ovsyankina
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Urals

scholarly journals ‘Polish-Lithuanian’ archaeological materials from the excavations of the town of Tara

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
S.F. Tataurov ◽  
S.S. Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Outward Appearance ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
The Town ◽  
Coats Of Arms ◽  
Special Category ◽  
Over Time

In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the con-clusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and bap-tismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Rus-sians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.

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