Construction and testing of a drinking water disinfection and filtration system for developing nations

Abstract –A drinking water disinfection and filtration system was designed using inexpensive and accessible materials. The prototype was constructed from two barrels and a pump that circulated water through a gravity sand filter before injection with locally-generated chlorine produced through saline electrolysis. System turbidity reduction and disinfection effectiveness was determined using surface water from -----. Ninety gallons of water showed a 70% reduction in turbidity and no coliform bacteria were detected after ninety minutes of operation. The system was built for less than $900 (2017) and is safe, simple, and reliable.

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Both viable and inactivated amoeba spores protect their intracellular bacteria from drinking water disinfection

Journal of Hazardous Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 417 ◽

pp. 126006

Author(s):

Zhenzhen He ◽

Luting Wang ◽

Yuexian Ge ◽

Siyi Zhang ◽

Yuehui Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Intracellular Bacteria ◽

Drinking Water Disinfection

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Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection by-products

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis ◽

10.1002/em.10092 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 134-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 243

Author(s):

Michael J. Plewa ◽

Yahya Kargalioglu ◽

Danielle Vankerk ◽

Roger A. Minear ◽

Elizabeth D. Wagner

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mammalian Cell ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Cell Cytotoxicity ◽

Drinking Water Disinfection ◽

By Products

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Detection of genotoxic effects of drinking water disinfection by-products using Vicia faba bioassay

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-016-7873-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 1509-1517 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yu Hu ◽

Li Tan ◽

Shao-Hui Zhang ◽

Yu-Ting Zuo ◽

Xue Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Vicia Faba ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Genotoxic Effects ◽

Drinking Water Disinfection ◽

By Products

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Balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: disability adjusted life-years on the scale.

Environmental Health Perspectives ◽

10.1289/ehp.00108315 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 315-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

A H Havelaar ◽

A E De Hollander ◽

P F Teunis ◽

E G Evers ◽

H J Van Kranen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Risks And Benefits ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Drinking Water Disinfection

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Examination of Surface Water Along River-Rima Floodplain in Wamakko, Sokoto State, Nigeria.

Journal of Geological Research ◽

10.30564/jgr.v2i3.2149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Abdulqadir Abubakar Usman ◽

Murtala Abubakar Gada ◽

Aminu Muhammad Bayawa ◽

Ibrahim Mustapha Dankani ◽

Saadu Umar Wali

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

World Health ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Bacteria Growth ◽

Anthropogenic Inputs ◽

Health Organization

This study examined the hydrochemistry of surface water along the River-Rima floodplain area. Five sampling locations were purposively selected, and, in each point, three samples were taken from surface water (river). The sampling was repeated after 20 days. Thus, a total of 30 samples were collected. Water samples obtained were subjected to laboratory tests. Results revealed that BOD, TDS, Mg2+, and Fe3+ are above the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) reference guidelines for drinking water quality. Isolates detected from the coliform bacteriological analysis include Enterobacter aerogene, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter freundii with most of the samples showing coliform bacteria growth above the SON standard for drinking water. Hence, the water in the River-Rima floodplain of the Wamakko area is of low quality and unsafe for drinking. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed external influences such as pollutant wash off and rock weathering as controls on hydrochemistry of surface water. There is some indication of anthropogenic inputs (Cl-, NO3-, and PO42-) based on hierarchical cluster analysis. Elements including Cl-, NO3-, and PO42- are increasingly added into surface water from human activities, mainly agriculture, and municipal sewage.

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Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water

Health Risk Analysis ◽

10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.08.eng ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 70-77

Author(s):

L.A. Deryabkina ◽

◽

B.I. Marchenko ◽

N.K. Plugotarenko ◽

A.I. Yukhno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Surface Water ◽

Natural Water ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Residual Chlorine ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Initial Water ◽

Organic Chlorine ◽

Deep Purification

In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.

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