Neuroanatomical Hippocampal Structures and Heritability of Hippocampal Volume in Relation to Memory

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaughnelene Smith
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Right

The goal of this project was to investigate the genetic heritability of hippocampal volume using twin pairs and assess the neuroanatomical structures of the hippocampus and how these properties relate to memory in humans. Data for this project was obtained from the Human Connectome Project: a data bank established to provide neural images to the public. MRI scans were used to obtain brain images of each of the participants and basic cognitive tasks were used to obtain memory ability. To date, 506 subjects have been analyzed: 66 monozygotic twin pairs, 44 dizygotic twin pairs, and 47 sibling pairs. The data collection for of this project was three-fold. First, segmentations were performed to calculate the volume of the anterior and posterior regions of the hippocampus. Secondly, the magnitudes of hippocampus dentations were recorded within the three segments – the head, body, and tail – of the hippocampus. Lastly, visual inspection was used to asses incomplete inversions, which was defined as an atypical anatomical pattern in the hippocampus. The results of this project showed a strong heritability observed on the right anterior hippocampus (hb2=1.365) and right amygdala (hb2=1.315), moderate heritability observed on the left posterior hippocampus (hb2=0.765), and weak heritability observed on the right posterior hippocampus (hb2=0.2654). This indicates that hippocampal volumetric heritability showed strong genetic control for the right hemisphere and strong environmental control for the left hemisphere. The project is still in the process of correlating the anatomical structures to the memory capabilities of the participants. 

scholarly journals Everyday taxi drivers: Do better navigators have larger hippocampi?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Weisberg ◽  
Nora S. Newcombe ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Null Result ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
The Right ◽  
Map Accuracy

AbstractWork with non-human animals and human navigation experts (London taxi drivers) suggests that the size of the hippocampus, particularly the right posterior hippocampus in humans, relates to navigation expertise. Similar observations, sometimes implicating other sections of the hippocampus, have been made for aging populations and for people with neurodegenerative diseases that affect the hippocampus. These data support the hypothesis that hippocampal volume relates to navigation ability. However, the support for this hypothesis is mixed in healthy, young adults, who range widely in their navigation ability. Here, we administered a naturalistic navigation task that measures cognitive map accuracy to a sample of 90 healthy, young adults who also had MRI scans. Using a sequential analysis design with a registered analysis plan, we did not find that navigation ability related to hippocampal volume (total, right only, right posterior only). We conclude that navigation ability in a typical population does not correlate with variations in hippocampal size, and consider possible explanations for this null result.

scholarly journals Language activation in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris E. C. Sommer ◽  
Nick F. Ramsey ◽  
René C. W. Mandl ◽  
Clarine J. Van Oel ◽  
René S. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Discordant Twin

BackgroundIn previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, participants with schizophrenia showed decreased language lateralisation, resulting from increased activation of the right hemisphere compared with controls.AimTo determine whether decreased lateralisation and increased right cerebral language activation constitute genetic predispositions for schizophrenia.MethodLanguage activation was measured using fMRI in 12 right-handed monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and 12 healthy right-handed monozygotic twin pairs who were matched for gender, age and education.ResultsLanguage lateralisation was decreased in discordant twin pairs compared with the healthy twin pairs. The groups did not differ in activation of the language-related areas of the left hemisphere, but language-related activation in the right hemisphere was significantly higher in the discordant twin pairs than in the healthy pairs. Within the discordant twin pairs, language lateralisation was not significantly different between patients with schizophrenia and their co-twins.ConclusionsDecreased language lateralisation may constitute a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.

Emotions Are Rising: The Growing Field of Affect Neuropsychology

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 719-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skye McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Somatic Marker ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right

AbstractThirty years ago, the neuropsychology of emotion started to emerge as a mainstream topic. Careful examination of individual patients showed that emotion, like memory, language, and so on, could be differentially affected by brain disorders, especially in the right hemisphere. Since then, there has been accelerating interest in uncovering the neural architecture of emotion, and the major steps in this process of discovery over the past 3 decades are detailed in this review. In the 1990s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans provided precise delineation of lesions in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, insula and somatosensory cortex as underpinning emotion disorders. At the same time, functional MRI revealed activation that was bilateral and also lateralized according to task demands. In the 2000s, converging evidence suggested at least two routes to emotional responses: subcortical, automatic and autonomic responses and slower, cortical responses mediating cognitive processing. The discovery of mirror neurons in the 1990s reinvigorated older views that simulation was the means to recognize emotions and empathize with others. More recently, psychophysiological research, revisiting older Russian paradigms, has contributed new insights into how autonomic and other physiological indices contribute to decision making (the somatic marker theory), emotional simulation, and social cognition. Finally, this review considers the extent to which these seismic changes in understanding emotional processes in clinical disorders have been reflected in neuropsychological practice. (JINS, 2017, 23, 719–731)

scholarly journals Sulcal Morphology in Cingulate Cortex is Associated with Voluntary Oro-Facial Motor Control and Gestural Communication in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D Hopkins ◽  
Emmanuel Procyk ◽  
Michael Petrides ◽  
Steven J Schapiro ◽  
Mary Catherine Mareno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Right

Abstract Individual differences in sulcal variation within the anterior and mid-cingulate cortex of the human brain, particularly the presence or absence of a paracingulate sulcus (PCGS), are associated with various motor and cognitive processes. Recently, it has been reported that chimpanzees possess a PCGS, previously thought to be a unique feature of the human brain. Here, we examined whether individual variation in the presence or absence of a PCGS as well as the variability in the intralimbic sulcus (ILS) are associated with oro-facial motor control, handedness for manual gestures, and sex in a sample of MRI scans obtained in 225 chimpanzees. Additionally, we quantified the depth of the cingulate sulcus (CGS) along the anterior–posterior axis and tested for association with oro-facial motor control, handedness, and sex. Chimpanzees with better oro-facial motor control were more likely to have a PCGS, particularly in the left hemisphere compared to those with poorer control. Male chimpanzees with better oro-facial motor control showed increased leftward asymmetries in the depth of the anterior CGS, whereas female chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern. Significantly, more chimpanzees had an ILS in the left compared to the right hemisphere, but variability in this fold was not associated with sex, handedness, or oro-facial motor control. Finally, significant population-level leftward asymmetries were found in the anterior portion of the CGS, whereas significant rightward biases were evident in the posterior regions. The collective results suggest that the emergence of a PCGS and enhanced gyrification within the anterior and mid-cingulate gyrus may have directly or indirectly evolved in response to selection for increasing oro-facial motor control in primates.

scholarly journals Primary multiple cerebral hydatid disease in a young patient with surgically-treated intracerebral haemorrhage

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Anwar N. Hafedh ◽  
Awfa A. Aktham ◽  
Zahraa F. Al-Sharshahi ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Jorani ◽  
Sama Albairamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Disease ◽  
Intracerebral Haemorrhage ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

Introduction:  Cerebral hydatid disease (CHD) is rare and the multiple-cystic variety is even rarer. In this paper, we report a case of multiple CHD and explore a possible link with a preceding spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH).   Case presentation: A 27-year old gentleman with a history of surgically-evacuated, spontaneous ICH presented with severe headache, left-sided weakness - Medical Research Council (MRC) grade II - and recurrent tonic-clonic seizures, while on a full dose of anti-epileptic medication. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed multiple intra-axial cystic lesions in the right hemisphere. The cysts were removed intact using Dowling’s technique through a large temporoparietal craniotomy. The surgery went uneventful and the patient recovered as expected. Post-operatively, a prophylactic course of albendazole (200 mg) was prescribed. On his one-year follow-up visit, the patient was symptom-free and his weakness had improved (left upper limb: MRC grade IV and full power of the left lower limb). The computed tomography (CT) scan showed no new findings.   Conclusion: Primary cerebral hydatid disease is rare and the multiple-cyst variety is even rare. In this case, a peculiar association with a surgically-treated ICH was explored with possible theories to suggest future research directions.

scholarly journals Automated Subfield Volumetric Analysis of Hippocampus in Patients with Drug-Naïve Nondementia Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jin-Woo Park ◽  
Chan-Nyoung Lee ◽  
Youngbo Sim ◽  
Hyung-Kyu Ham ◽  
Woo-Suk Tae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Automated Segmentation ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
The Right

Several studies used automated segmentation of hippocampal subfield (ASHS) for detailed measurements of anatomic subregions of the hippocampus, especially in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we investigated the hippocampal subfield volume of patients with early-stage nondementia PD compared with normal healthy subjects using the ASHS method. A total of 32 subjects were enrolled in this study (sixteen patients with drug naive nondementia PD and sixteen healthy controls). All subjects were scanned with a 1.5 tesla MRI. The volumes of the seven subfields were calculated separately, and then, the whole hippocampal volume was calculated by the summing of CA1, CA2-3, CA4-DG, subiculum, presubiculum, and fimbria, excluding the hippocampal fissure. There were significant diagnosis-by-hemisphere interactive effects on the total hippocampal volume (F = 5.197; p=0.031) and the subfield volume of CA2-3 (F = 7.586; p=0.010) and CA4-DG (F = 7.403; p=0.011). The volumes of CA2-3 (F = 19.911; p<0.001), CA4-DG (F = 20.273; p<0.001), and total hippocampus (F = 10.573; p=0.005) in the left hemisphere were reduced compared to the right hemisphere. We suggest that the hippocampal volume asymmetry, especially in CA4-DG and CA2-3, could be observed in drug-naïve PD patients even in the early stage of the disease.

scholarly journals A Case of Nonalcoholic Marchiafava-Bignami Disease with Left-Right Differential Agraphia of Chinese Characters

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-241
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Mimpei Kawamura ◽  
Yasutaka Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
The Right

We report a 68-year-old right-handed female who was admitted to our hospital complaining chiefly of incontinence and decreased activity. Her brain images showed characteristics of Marchiafava-Bignami disease, such as symmetrical abnormal signals localized in the corpus callosum. The patient had no drinking habits. Her past medical history included total gastric resection to treat gastric cancer. On hospital admission she was markedly underweight. This appeared to be a rare case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease not attributable to heavy drinking and occurring in a state of malnutrition. Evaluation of callosal dissociation symptoms produced findings indicative of such symptoms. She showed a marked difficulty in writing dictated single words and short sentences in Japanese alphabetic characters, especially with her left hand. In contrast, writing dictated words in Chinese characters (also used in written Japanese) was affected in both hands, with different types of dysgraphia seen in the right and left hands. The agraphia in the left hand seen in this patient appears to have occurred as a result of the language faculty of the left hemisphere failing to be transmitted to the right brain, while agraphia in the right hand may have occurred as a result of spatial processing information in the right hemisphere failing to be transmitted to the left hemisphere.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 is linked to longitudinal rates of cortical thinning in aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna McCarrey ◽  
Jennifer Pacheco ◽  
Olga Carlson ◽  
Josephine Egan ◽  
Madhav Thambisetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right

AbstractInterleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by immune cells and other cell types such as microglia throughout the brain. Higher levels of IL-6 in older adults have been cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with physical and cognitive impairment, as well as increased dementia risk. The association between IL-6 levels and structural and functional brain changes is less clear. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between IL-6 concentrations and cortical thinning with aging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were analyzed for 121 older subjects (M = 69.3; SD = 7.3; range = 56.1–85.9 yrs) who were repeatedly tested over an average period of 7.5 yrs, and who remained non-demented for the entire follow-up period. The Freesurfer longitudinal processing stream was utilized for image processing, and IL-6 measures were based on serum ELISA assays averaged across time points. Results showed that higher mean IL-6 concentrations were associated with accelerated annual rates of cortical thinning in the inferior temporal poles bilaterally. Additional pronounced regions of IL-6 -accelerated thinning included the transverse frontopolar gyri within the left hemisphere, and subcentral gyrus and sulcus within the right hemisphere. Our results indicate that sustained high levels of the inflammatory biomarker IL-6 are associated with regionally increased rates of age-related cortical thinning. These data build on previous findings that link IL-6 to chronic disease and demonstrate one mechanism through which high levels of inflammation may have adverse effects on physical and cognitive function.

Investigation of the Effect of Mode and Tempo on Emotional Responses to Music Using EEG Power Asymmetry

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Trochidis ◽  
Emmanuel Bigand
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Musical Excerpt ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
Musical Modes ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
The Right

The combined interactions of mode and tempo on emotional responses to music were investigated using both self-reports and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. A musical excerpt was performed in three different modes and tempi. Participants rated the emotional content of the resulting nine stimuli and their EEG activity was recorded. Musical modes influence the valence of emotion with major mode being evaluated happier and more serene, than minor and locrian modes. In EEG frontal activity, major mode was associated with an increased alpha activation in the left hemisphere compared to minor and locrian modes, which, in turn, induced increased activation in the right hemisphere. The tempo modulates the arousal value of emotion with faster tempi associated with stronger feeling of happiness and anger and this effect is associated in EEG with an increase of frontal activation in the left hemisphere. By contrast, slow tempo induced decreased frontal activation in the left hemisphere. Some interactive effects were found between mode and tempo: An increase of tempo modulated the emotion differently depending on the mode of the piece.

Right-Hemisphere Specialization for Contour Grouping

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Volberg
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hemisphere Specialization

Previous studies often revealed a right-hemisphere specialization for processing the global level of compound visual stimuli. Here we explore whether a similar specialization exists for the detection of intersected contours defined by a chain of local elements. Subjects were presented with arrays of randomly oriented Gabor patches that could contain a global path of collinearly arranged elements in the left or in the right visual hemifield. As expected, the detection accuracy was higher for contours presented to the left visual field/right hemisphere. This difference was absent in two control conditions where the smoothness of the contour was decreased. The results demonstrate that the contour detection, often considered to be driven by lateral coactivation in primary visual cortex, relies on higher-level visual representations that differ between the hemispheres. Furthermore, because contour and non-contour stimuli had the same spatial frequency spectra, the results challenge the view that the right-hemisphere advantage in global processing depends on a specialization for processing low spatial frequencies.

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