scholarly journals Faktor Penentu Tarif Pajak Efektif Pada Perusahaan Kesehatan: Sebelum dan Saat Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Anindita D. Pinastika, Ferry Irawan

The pandemic of Covid-19 had attacked and contribute to the Indonesia’ economics negatively. State tax revenues could not be achieved given the restrictions on activities that were intensified to prevent the spread of virus. Incentives issued by the government are one of the factors causing the decline in state revenues, one of which is in the form of lowering corporate tax rates. The effective tax rate used in measuring corporate tax management is tested with related-parties transaction, profitability, leverage, and ownership structure variables. The effect of this variable is then compared in 2019 and 2020 to observe whether there is a difference before and during the pandemic. The research was conducted on health sector companiesas a sector that was positively affected by the pandemic. The results of the study show that leverage has an effect on the effective tax rate (ETR) in 2020 while ownership structure has an effect on the ETR in 2019. The effective tax rate of health sector companies, which allegedly decreased due to incentives from the government, has actually increased during the pandemic.

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Omer ◽  
Karen H. Molloy ◽  
David A. Ziebart

Given the recent emphasis on effective tax rates by policy makers and accounting researchers, this study investigates the relation between firm size and corporate tax burdens on a yearly and an industry basis. The analysis is conducted using five effective tax measures employed in previous studies in order to determine the degree to which inferences between size and tax burden are robust across these different effective tax measures. The results indicate that the relation is fairly robust across measures and, in instances in which the relation is not upheld by our analysis, sample composition explains differences in the observed relation between firm size and corporate tax burden.


ForScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e00776
Author(s):  
Tiago De Jesus Mendes ◽  
Ilva Ruas Abreu ◽  
Felipe Fróes Couto

A relação dos indicadores de retorno financeiro das empresas do Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão-B3, com o gerenciamento da alíquota efetiva de tributos sobre o lucro, influenciou a pesquisa. Para isso, identificou-se a relação dos indicadores financeiros de retorno sobre o patrimônio-ROE e o retorno sobre o capital investido- ROIC com a alíquota efetiva dos tributos sobre o lucro. A pesquisa possui característica explicativa e utilizou-se de regressão com dados em painel para analisar os resultados. Como resultado, o ROIC demonstrou que possivelmente as empresas mais rentáveis possuem maiores alíquotas efetivas dos tributos. O ROE apresentou que, possivelmente, o investimento da organização na remuneração por desempenho dos diretores, os leva a investirem mais recursos no gerenciamento tributário, gerando um aumento do retorno para os acionistas. A alavancagem financeira indica que no Brasil uma estrutura alavancada, pode contribuir para uma maior carga fiscal, levando as empresas a aumentarem as participações de capitais de terceiros, neutralizando o efeito da alavancagem sobre a tributação. O tamanho da empresa pode indicar que quanto maior o tamanho da empresa menor o imposto sobre o lucro da empresa. Como resultado para a taxa de imposto efetiva identificou-se que as empresas utilizam os benefícios da redução da alíquota efetiva dos tributos sobre o lucro, pois o teste não paramétrico de sinais demonstrou que em 80% das observações, as alíquotas efetivas dos tributos das empresas analisadas são menores que a alíquota nominal de 34%, logo as empresas utilizam os efeitos do gerenciamento tributário. Palavras-chave: Indicadores de retorno financeiro das empresas. Gerenciamento tributário. Alíquota efetiva de tributos sobre o lucro. Effective tax rate on profit in Brazil of B3 companies: a study of the relationship of financial return indicators Abstract The list of financial return indicators for companies in Brazil, Bag, Counter-B3, with the management of the effective tax rate on profit, influenced the research. For this, the relationship between the financial indicators of return on equity-ROE and the return on invested capital-ROIC was identified with the effective rate of taxes on profit. The research has an explanatory characteristic and regression with panel data was used to analyze the results. As a result, ROIC has shown that possibly the most profitable companies have higher effective tax rates. The ROE showed that possibly the organization’s investment in the payment per directors performance leads them to invest more resources in the tax management, generating an increase to the shareholders’ return. Financial leverage indicates that in Brazil a leveraged structure can contribute to a greater tax burden, leading companies to increase the holdings of third-party capital, neutralizing the effect of leverage on taxation. The size of the company may indicate that the larger the company size, the smaller the company's profit tax.  As a result to the effective tax rate, was identified that the enterprises they use the benefits of reducing the effective tax rate on profit, since the non- parametric signal test demonstrated that in 80% of the observations, the effective rate of the analyzed companies are lower than the nominal rate of 34%, soon the companies to use the effects of tax management. Keywords: Indicators of financial return of companies. Tax management. Effective tax rate income.


Author(s):  
Wima Rakayana ◽  
Made Sudarma ◽  
Rosidi Rosidi

This study aims to explain the effect of ownership structure (family, government, institutional, foreign, managerial, public) on tax avoidance in Indonesia. This study employed quantitative research with regression analysis, regression method using the annual report on companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange from the 2017-2019 period with a sample of 93 companies. The tax avoidance was measured using the Cash Effective Tax Rate. The results of this study indicate that the government ownership structure and foreign ownership structure have a positive effect on tax avoidance in Indonesia. Firm size emphasizes the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. Family, institutional, managerial, public ownership structures have no influence on tax avoidance. This study indicates that the ownership structure of the company can influence company policy in tax avoidance.


2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Dyreng ◽  
Michelle Hanlon ◽  
Edward L. Maydew

We develop and describe a new measure of long-run corporate tax avoidance that is based on the ability to pay a low amount of cash taxes per dollar of pre-tax earnings over long time periods. We label this measure the “long-run cash effective tax rate.” We use the long-run cash effective tax rate to examine (1) the extent to which some firms are able to avoid taxes over periods as long as ten years, and (2) how predictive one-year tax rates are for long-run tax avoidance. In our sample of 2,077 firms, we find there is considerable cross-sectional variation in tax avoidance. For example, approximately one-fourth of our sample firms are able to maintain long-run cash effective tax rates below 20 percent, compared to a sample mean tax rate of approximately 30 percent. We also find that annual cash effective tax rates are not very good predictors of long-run cash effective tax rates and, thus, are not accurate proxies for long-run tax avoidance. While there is some evidence of persistence in annual cash effective tax rates, the persistence is asymmetric. Low annual cash effective tax rates are more persistent than are high annual cash effective tax rates. An initial examination of characteristics of firms successful at keeping their cash effective tax rates low over long periods shows that they are well spread across industries but with some clustering.


2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Bryant-Kutcher ◽  
David A. Guenther ◽  
Mark Jackson

ABSTRACT We examine how differences in corporate tax rates across countries affect firm value for U.S. multinationals. Although competition for tax benefits may increase non-tax costs, in an international setting, transaction costs and other frictions may prevent tax differences from being completely competed away. We find that firm value, as measured by Tobin's q, is negatively related to foreign effective tax rates. This result is robust to the presence of growth and risk proxies and other control variables in the model. Our results provide empirical evidence that (1) differences in corporate tax rates are not completely offset by non-tax costs, and (2) the differences in tax costs are reflected in higher firm value for the low tax rate firms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Martina Helcmanovská ◽  
Alena Andrejovská

The diverse tax burdens and economic situations of EU member states are causing investors to relocate their investments to countries that offer better tax conditions and a better economic environment. The total amount of corporate tax revenue is therefore influenced by tax, macroeconomic and other indicators. This paper assesses the importance of tax revenues and tax rates in the context of tax competitiveness in EU states. The aim of the paper is to determine the impact of selected indicators on corporate tax revenues in EU states for the period 2004 to 2019. The source data were drawn from the databases of the European Commission (2021) and The World Bank (2021). The set goal was complemented by an analysis of tax rates and subsequent comparison with corporate tax revenues. Multiple regression analysis was performed to achieve the goal. Two econometric models were compiled that followed the same variables, with the EU13 model dealing with the new member states and the EU15 model dealing with the old EU member states. The results showed that the variables statutory and average effective tax rate do not have a decisive influence on corporate tax revenues in either model. In the new states, the unemployment rate has the most statistically significant effect, while in the old countries GDP has the biggest effect. The result of this work is that there are differences between the new and old member states at different levels, which was ultimately reflected in the different impact of tax and macroeconomic indicators on corporate tax revenues.


Author(s):  
Fairus Halizam A. Hamzah ◽  
Nadiah Abd Hamid ◽  
Siti Noorhayati Mohamed Zawawi

This study aims to provide evidence on the trend in corporate tax revenue from the application of time-trend analysis of effective tax rate (ETR) amongst corporate taxpayers in Malaysia who claimed reinvestment allowance (RA) over a decade between 2007 and 2016. This study chose these observation periods because the Malaysian corporate STR has been found to have gradually reduced from 27 per cent to 24 per cent between 2007 to 2016, whereby these changes somehow impacted the tax revenue. Taxpayers who used RA for tax planning pay low taxes over time, determined through tax return data. Then, the study intended to examine the relationships between certain tax attributes, namely, company's profitability (ROA), the reinvestment allowance utilisation rate (RAUTI), type of corporate taxpayers (TPP), the book-tax gap (BTG) and how they associate to the trend in ETR. Reinvestment Allowance (RA) is renowned for being a corporate tax incentive in Malaysia to encourage investments in qualified projects through a tax deduction. An incentivised firm that pays low tax may not be engaging in fraudulent management, as generally assumed. However, it could have been due to tax avoidance strategies that can be observed through reduced or lowered effective tax rate (ETR) across ten years. Keywords: Effective Tax Rates, Tax Avoidance, Reinvestment Allowance, Tax Incentive, Taxation.


Author(s):  
Martin Surya Mulyadi ◽  
Yunita Anwar ◽  
Yunita Anwar ◽  
Erminus Krisma

Taxation play an essential role both in a country and in a corporation. To minimize the tax payment, corporation conduct a corporate tax management. According to some of previous research, there is a correlation between corporate governance and corporate tax management. In this research we are focusing on three: number of board, number of independent board and board compensation. We measure corporate tax management by using effective tax rate (GAAP ETR and current ETR are used in this research). By using several other control variables, we found that corporate governance have a significant correlation to corporate tax management.


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