scholarly journals Międzynarodowe uwarunkowania pozyskiwania ropy naftowej w rejonie kaspijskim

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Wiesława Gierańczyk
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The development of world’s economy and the rise in world’s population are connected with a constantly growing demand for energy. The second half of the 20th century was marked by a particularly rapid increase in exploitation of fuel resources, and by a growth in the role of oil and natural gas in the structure of primary fuels utilization. Nowadays oil covers about 40% of the primary fuels utilization in the world. The richest reserves of oil are located around the Persian Gulf (about 65%). Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and Iraq provide around 30% of the world’s supply of petroleum. The instability of the region and the threat from the Muslim fundamentalism make the Western European countries and the US search for alternative sources of that fuel. The Caspian region became an area of excellent economic promises. After the collapse of the USSR and the discovery of rich oil reserves in the Caspian Sea bed, the world’s interest in the region grew significantly. The Caspian Sea oil reserves have been estimated for 163 billion barrels, which is around one fourth of the confirmed total Middle East resources.This article presents the problems of different variants of dividing the Caspian Sea, location of oil resources in the region, and the methods and location of its distribution.

Prospects for energy cooperation in the Caspian Sea

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gawdat Bahgat
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Gas Reservoir ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the Caspian Sea region has been seen as a potential major oil and natural gas reservoir. For more than a decade, the five nations that share the Caspian—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan—have sought to develop the basin’s hydrocarbon resources. This paper provides an assessment of these resources and examines two major hurdles: lack of consensus on the legal status of the Caspian and disagreement of the most cost effective pipeline routes. It argues that oil and natural gas from the Caspian is certain to contribute to global energy security. However, the Caspian Sea should not be seen as a replacement to the Persian Gulf.

Psychometric Testing in Iran

1959 ◽  
Vol 105 (438) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
The People ◽  
The Persian Gulf

Geographically, Iran is for the most part a plateau at an average altitude of about a thousand metres; the terrain—the near-jungle conditions of the Caspian littoral excepted—is arid semi-desert and the typical landscape one of limestone mountain ranges between which lie flat plains. It is bordered by Iraq, Turkey, the U.S.S.R., the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf. Except during spring the vegetation in most areas is sun-shrivelled on the bare treeless earth; after five months of burning heat the winter rainfall washes off the topsoil, and river-beds, dry throughout the summer, overflow with muddy torrents. Although the soil is dry and powdery there are abundant watercourses below the surface and with irrigation the land is very productive. The country has great mineral resources; apart from the oil-fields they are un-exploited due to lack of coal and road and rail communications. The people are mainly feudal villagers or nomadic tribesfolk but Tehran is a modern city of a million population and the provincial capitals are also semi-Westernized.

Iranian dissent will slow promised Caspian Sea accord

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reserves

Subject Talks to decide the Caspian Sea's status. Significance A working group representing the five states around the Caspian Sea meets this month to prepare for a summit promised before July. The littoral states are said to be close to agreeing the legal position of the sea, but Iran's assent is far from certain. Impacts A Caspian convention will not solve contested claims to mid-sea oil reserves. Environmental protection could end up being sacrificed to the exploration and development of untapped hydrocarbon reserves. Trans-Caspian shipping will be boosted by its role in the Eurasian transport networks of China's Belt and Road initiative.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT MEDIUM-RISE HOUSING IN THE COASTAL REGIONS OF IRAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Moradi Pour O. ◽  
◽  
Siomka S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The article is devoted to the principles of functional and spatial organization of energy-efficient housing, architectural, artistic and compositional features of the organization of housing with energy-efficient technologies. The article deals with the issues of architectural planning and spatial modification of residential buildings of medium height depending on the natural and climatic conditions and features of the country's region. Special attention is paid to the regions where there are significant water resources. The Persian Gulf and the Caspian sea region in Iran are the most densely populated and represent areas where all four types of possible types of energy-saving technologies are presented: solar, water, wind energy and energy from the earth's interior.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OF THE CASPIAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Gulshan Zeynalova Gulshan Zeynalova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources

The Caspian Sea is the largest body of water in Eurasia: After the collapse of the USSR, the water area of this region is a zone of interest for many states. [1] The Caspian region rightfully serves as one of the most significant regions for most countries interested in the mineral resources that the Caspian is rich in. The Caspian Sea has a significant hydrocarbon reserves. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian basin have the following values: oil - 48 billion barrels of oil, natural gas - 292 trillion. cubic feet (found and probable reserves), of which 75% and 67%, respectively, are produced or may be produced offshore. The northern part of the Caspian Sea contains most of the oil reserves, while the southern sector of the Caspian Sea is rich in natural gas.[2] It should be emphasized that the list of states that have the rights to use the resources of the Caspian Sea is as follows: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. It is impossible to correlate the importance of the oil and gas resources of the Caspian reservoir for each of the above countries, for the following reasons: Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are countries for which the hydrocarbon potential of the Caspian is the most important predictor of the formation and development of the economy, while for Kazakhstan, the use of oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea plays an important , but not the most decisive role, since oil and gas deposits in this country are not limited to the Caspian region, but its economy is developing in other directions. Iran and Russia, however, are interested in influencing the direction of flows of oil and gas raw materials, including their transit through the territory of the countries. [3] The last years for the Caspian region have become the years of a shift in the development of the oil and gas industry of the Caspian "five", which account for 17.6% of oil reserves and 46.4% of gas reserves in terms of global reserves. It is assumed that on the territory of the Caspian shelf, which belongs to Russia, oil reserves amount to 270 million tons, natural gas reserves - 0.5 trillion cubic meters. m of gas. [4] Of course, it is worth noting that the potential of the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea is significantly lower than the oil and gas potential of Yamal or Western Siberia, but the development of this region is important for the strategic development of the oil and gas sector, in particular offshore drilling.

scholarly journals US - Azerbaijan Relations in Caspian region (90s of the XX century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
E. A. Markova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The Us

The collapse of the USSR resulted for Azerbaijan to pursue an independent foreign policy. Azerbaijan focused on establishing and furthering relations with Western states, primarily, with the United States. Official Baku considered the United States as an important partner to provide support for the economic development and production of hydrocarbon resources. On the other side, the United States also increased its focus on Azerbaijan due to the favorable geographical position of the Caspian state and the pro-Western attitude of its political elite. The US counted on taking advantage of Azerbaijan to change the flow of oil, which was supposed to be produced in the future. The United States played a decisive role in expanding Azerbaijan's cooperation with Western oil companies, which headed for the shores of the Caspian Sea. As a result, the Azerbaijani-American cooperation in the 90s of the XX century led Baku to chose the western direction in exporting its hydrocarbon resources as the principal one. In addition, under the US influence, Azerbaijan took a tough position on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea. Cooperation between the United States and Azerbaijan has had a great impact on the situation in the region, relations with Russia and the other Caspian states.

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