scholarly journals Współczesny potencjał frazeologizmu motywowanego mitem Feniksa

Author(s):  
Magdalena Puda-Blokesz

The article aims to present whether and how the phraseme to be reborn || rise (like a Phoenix / phoenix) from the ashes exists today in various texts of culture (recorded after 2000 in the National Corpus of Polish, drawn from the web and elsewhere), how it is present in various registers of communication and whether this petrified lexical unit is undergoing any changes. The analysis is preceded by a cultural introduction into understanding the symbolic power of Phoenix hidden in the phrase, as well as the insights into the systemic (lexicographic) state of the expression and the attempt to establish its source and the approximate time in which it was created.

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall

The Web has recently been used as a corpus for linguistic investigations, often with the help of a commercial search engine. We discuss some potential problems with collecting data from commercial search engine and with using the Web as a corpus. We outline an alternative strategy for data collection, using a personal Web crawler. As a case study, the university Web sites of three nations (Australia, New Zealand and the UK) were crawled. The most frequent words were broadly consistent with non-Web written English, but with some academic-related words amongst the top 50 most frequent. It was also evident that the university Web sites contained a significant amount of non-English text, and academic Web English seems to be more future-oriented than British National Corpus written English.


Author(s):  
Liudmila L. Lidzhieva ◽  
◽  
Bamba E. Ubushieva ◽  
Zhanna A. Mukabenova

Introduction. The article examines spatial uses of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. The semantic system of postpositions that form postpositional constructions comprises a complex area of various relations. A remarkable place in the Mongolic languages is occupied by spatial meanings of postpositions, the postposition деер being a most common and productive one therein. Goals. The research aims to describe spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language. Materials. The work analyzes data selected from various dictionaries, literary and journalistic texts included in the National Corpus of the Kalmyk Language, Kalmyk National Corpus, and the Kalmyk Digital Library. Results. This postposition is mentioned in all dictionaries of Mongolic languages and is a most common and productive lexical unit. It expresses a wide variety of relations resulting from its syntactic ties: spatial, temporal, comitative, target, and quantitative-restrictive values. Along with concrete, real relations this postposition in various speech situations acquires additional, sometimes very abstract meanings based its core seme. The spatial meanings of the postposition деер in the Kalmyk language are considered in detail. In addition to its main meaning — location or movement on the surface — this postposition indicates movement or performing an action over the surface of an object without reaching contact, in close vicinity, near a landmark, and also shows the direction of action. This postposition can express ‘event space’. Conclusions. The analysis of spatial relations expressed by the postposition деер shows a variety of transmitted meanings in various speech situations, as well as features of its use in the Kalmyk language.


Author(s):  
Valentina Chernyak ◽  
Ekaterina Parysheva

Введение. Слова рынок и базар стали своеобразными индикаторами социальных, экономических и политических изменений, оказавших значительное влияние на языковую личность носителя русского языка. Целью статьи является рассмотрение динамики фрагмента тезауруса, вербализованного словами рынок и базар, на основе анализа лексикографических и корпусных источников. Материал и методы. Материалом статьи являются данные толковых словарей с XVIII по XXI век, материалы ассоциативных словарей и фрагменты текстов, извлеченные из Национального корпуса русского языка, позволяющие на основе сопоставительного анализа выявить динамические процессы в семантике лексем. Результаты и обсуждение. Сопоставление материалов толковых словарей и «Русского ассоциативного словаря» убеждает, что «зеркало ассоциативного словаря» незаменимо для исследования отдельных фрагментов действительности, взаимосвязи ассоциативных и системных лексико-семантических полей. Исследование в направлении от системы и ассоциативно-вербальной сети к тексту показало, как постепенно меняется семантическая структура двух синонимов, как осуществляется их аксиологическая специализация. У слова рынок со временем развивается новое значение – «сфера товарообмена», что в дальнейшем отражается на расширении лексической сочетаемости. Актуализация семантического компонента «шум» приводит появлению у слова базар переносного значения – «громкий разговор». Базар в сознании носителя языка – пространство, где могут обмануть. Рынок на ценностной шкале обыденного сознания также связывается с воровством, дороговизной и хаосом, что во многом обусловлено влиянием на языковое сознание социально-экономических факторов. Семантические различия двух синонимов и контаминация разных значений служат основанием для создания языковой игры. Заключение. Семантика слов рынок и базар, вербализующих значимый для жизни человека фрагмент действительности, на протяжении длительной истории их бытования в русском языке претерпела значительные трансформации, обнаруживающиеся и на уровне структуры значений, закрепленных лексикографически, и на ассоциативно-вербальном уровне языковой личности. В семантической структуре слова рынок наблюдается все более заметное преобладание нового значения (система товарно-денежных отношений) над традиционным (место торговли). Лексема базар во всех значениях оказывается коннотативно отмеченной.Introduction. The words rynok (market) and bazar (bazaar) have become a kind of indicators of social, economic and political changes, which had a great impact on language personality of the Russian native speaker. The aim of the article is to research into the dynamics of thesaurus fragment, which is verbalized with words rynok (market) and bazar (bazaar). The analysis is based on lexicographical and corpus data. Methods and material. The main material used for analysis is: data taken from explanatory dictionaries published from XVIII to XXI century, associative fields mined from associative dictionaries, and text fragments extracted with the help of The Russian National Corpus. These materials make juxtaposition analysis of lexical semantics dynamic processes possible. Results and discussion. Juxtaposition of explanatory dictionaries materials as well as “Russian Associative Dictionary” shows that ‘the mirror of associative dictionary’ is indispensable for studying particular fragments of reality. Interconnection between associative fields and systemic lexical semantics fields is obvious. The study directed from system to text shows the gradual changes in semantics structure of two synonyms. The research traces the establishment of their axiological specialization. The word rynok (market) develops a new meaning over time – “sphere of commodity exchange”, which is further reflected in the expansion of its lexical compatibility. Since the semantic component “noise” actualizes, the figurative meaning of word bazar (bazaar) emerges – “loud conversation”. Bazar (bazaar) in the native speaker’s mind is a space where one can be easily deceived. Rynok (market) on the value scale of everyday consciousness is also associated with theft, high cost and chaos, which is largely due to the influence of socio-economic factors on the language consciousness. Semantic differences between two synonyms and contamination of different meanings become the basis for creating language game. Conclusion. The meaning of words rynok (market) and bazar (bazaar) verbalize the crucial for person’s life fragment of reality. Throughout the long history of functioning, their semantics underwent significant transformation that can be revealed at various levels: structure of the meanings fixed by lexicography, associative and verbal level of language personality. The observations show that in the semantics structure of word rynok (market) the new meaning (‘system of exchange relations’) tends to prevail over the traditional one (‘place for trade’). Lexical unit bazar (bazaar) contains connotations in all meanings.


ReCALL ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoqun Wu ◽  
Ian H. Witten ◽  
Margaret Franken

AbstractCollocations are of great importance for second language learners, and a learner’s knowledge of them plays a key role in producing language fluently (Nation, 2001: 323). In this article we describe and evaluate an innovative system that uses a Web-derived corpus and digital library software to produce a vast concordance and present it in a way that helps students use collocations more effectively in their writing. Instead of live search we use an off-line corpus of short sequences of words, along with their frequencies. They are preprocessed, filtered, and organized into a searchable digital library collection containing 380 million five-word sequences drawn from a vocabulary of 145,000 words. Although the phrases are short, learners can browse more extended contexts because the system automatically locates sample sentences that contain them, either on the Web or in the British National Corpus. Two evaluations were conducted: an expert user tested the system to see if it could generate suitable alternatives for given text fragments, and students used it for a particular exercise. Both suggest that, even within the constraints of a limited study, the system could and did help students improve their writing.


2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Markert ◽  
Malvina Nissim

We compare two ways of obtaining lexical knowledge for antecedent selection in other-anaphora and definite noun phrase coreference. Specifically, we compare an algorithm that relies on links encoded in the manually created lexical hierarchy WordNet and an algorithm that mines corpora by means of shallow lexico-semantic patterns. As corpora we use the British National Corpus (BNC), as well as the Web, which has not been previously used for this task. Our results show that (a) the knowledge encoded in WordNet is often insufficient, especially for anaphor' antecedent relations that exploit subjective or context-dependent knowledge; (b) for other-anaphora, the Web-based method outperforms the WordNet-based method; (c) for definite NP coreference, the Web-based method yields results comparable to those obtained using WordNet over the whole data set and outperforms the WordNet-based method on subsets of the data set; (d) in both case studies, the BNC-based method is worse than the other methods because of data sparseness. Thus, in our studies, the Web-based method alleviated the lexical knowledge gap often encountered in anaphora resolution and handled examples with context-dependent relations between anaphor and antecedent. Because it is inexpensive and needs no hand-modeling of lexical knowledge, it is a promising knowledge source to integrate into anaphora resolution systems.


Author(s):  
Liudmyla Pasyk ◽  
Larysa Rys ◽  
Vita Sternichuk

Scientific research is focused on identifying the means of actualizing the concept PARTNER in German virtual political discourse. First, the theoretical preconditions for the analysis of the concept PARTNER in virtual political discourse are considered. The views of many leading domestic and foreign scholars on the concepts of "discourse", "virtual discourse", and "concept" are analyzed to develop our interpretation of definitions of virtual discourse, virtual political discourse, and concept. Possible means of actualization of the concepts and the researched concept PARTNER, in particular, are clarified. The meaning of the lexical unit and identifier of the concept (the word Partner) is studied, and its synonymic row is described. 500 lexical items and phrases that form the empirical basis of the study were identified with the help of a continuous sampling method on the web pages of the German government bundesregierung.de and the German parliament bundestag.de. All empirical material is subdivided into groups that are filled inhomogeneously. The noun Partner is the first or second component of compounds, and some derivative words are also formed from it. The concept of Partner is elaborated by the use of definite verbs that name actions which can be taken both by a partner and others towards him to achieve a certain goal. The lexical unit Partner is combined with a large number of adjectives (the most frequent group), which are semantically divided into five subgroups. The "partner status" subgroup is the most filled one. Two more subgroups, such as "international/national relations" and "qualities of partners " have almost the same number of words. Examples of the use of selected lexical units in context are given, and a model of the nominative field of the concept PARTNER is constructed. Its nucleus is defined with a lexical unit and identifier, a nuclear zone containing synonyms of a nuclear lexical unit, compounds with the component Partner and derivative words, and periphery (free phrases with verbs and adjectives) included. The conclusions summarize the results of the study and outline the prospects for further research.


2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawoja Mikołajczak-Matyja

Verbal Associations in the National Corpus of Polish: A Contribution to the Study of the Verbal Stereotype of inwalida ‘an invalid’ The role of corpus research in linguistics and in related fields of study has increased in recent decades. Searching for and analysis of collocations and concordances of a lexical unit, which makes it possible to determine its semantic preferences and semantic prosody, can be a tool for studying stereotypes, understood as overly generalized and simplified evaluative and affective images of a fragment of reality named by the lexical unit. The aim of this article is to verify the validity of supplementing studies based on the analysis of corpus resources with data obtained in free association tests. The study focuses on the lexical unit inwalida ‘an invalid’ as the name of a concept which may be subject to strong stereotyping. The resources of the balanced sub-corpus of the National Corpus of Polish, consisting of about 250 million words, were searched for associative responses to the word inwalida given by at least 2 people from a group of 40 Polish speakers. In the corpus, the co-occurrence of the word inwalida was checked with each of the 33 obtained associations, using a search tool to identify the contexts (concordances) containing both words – inwalida and the association – with an interval of 0 and ≤5. The results of the study indicate that an association test can be a significant complement to corpus data analyses: it can provide important elements of semantic prosody which are not found in corpus analysis results, it can guide concordance search and it can indicate the elements which are the most important for the meaning of the examined word. Skojarzenia werbalne w Narodowym Korpusie Języka Polskiego: przyczynek do badań nad werbalnym stereotypem inwalidy W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach wzrasta rola badań korpusowych w językoznawstwie i naukach pokrewnych. Wyszukiwanie i analiza kolokacji i konkordancji określonej jednostki leksykalnej, pozwalające na określenie jej preferencji semantycznej i prozodii semantycznej, mogą stanowić narzędzie badania stereotypów, rozumianych jako nadmiernie uogólnione i uproszczone oceniająco-afektywne obrazy fragmentu rzeczywistości nazywanego przez daną jednostkę leksykalną. Celem analizy przedstawionej w artykule jest weryfikacja zasadności uzupełniania badań opartych na analizie zasobów korpusowych danymi uzyskanymi w teście skojarzeń swobodnych. Przeprowadzona analiza dotyczy jednostki leksykalnej inwalida, jako nazwy pojęcia podlegającego silnej stereotypizacji. W zasobach liczącego około 250 milionów słów podkorpusu zrównoważonego Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego poszukiwano reakcji skojarzeniowych na hasło inwalida podanych przez minimum 2 osoby z 40-osobowej grupy użytkowników języka polskiego. Sprawdzono w korpusie współwystępowanie wyrazu inwalida kolejno z każdym z 33 uzyskanych skojarzeń, używając do tego celu narzędzia szukającego kontekstów (konkordancji) zawierających oba wyrazy – inwalida i skojarzenie – w odstępie 0 oraz ≤5. Wykazano, że test skojarzeniowy może w sposób istotny uzupełniać analizy korpusowe poprzez: dostarczanie ważnych elementów prozodii semantycznej, których nie ma w wynikach analiz korpusowych, ukierunkowanie wyszukiwania konkordancji oraz wskazywanie elementów najważniejszych dla znaczenia badanego wyrazu.


2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-85
Author(s):  
Howard Wilson
Keyword(s):  

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