scholarly journals Urban activity spaces: the case of a post-Soviet neighbourhood in Riga

Author(s):  
M. Ušča
Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802096626
Author(s):  
Nicolo P Pinchak ◽  
Christopher R Browning ◽  
Catherine A Calder ◽  
Bethany Boettner

The inadequacies of residential census geography in capturing urban residents’ routine exposures have motivated efforts to more directly measure residents’ activity spaces. In turn, insights regarding urban activity patterns have been used to motivate alternative residential neighbourhood measurement strategies incorporating dimensions of activity space in the form of egocentric neighbourhoods – measurement approaches that place individuals at the centre of their own residential neighbourhood units. Unexamined, however, is the extent to which the boundaries of residents’ own self-defined residential neighbourhoods compare with census-based and egocentric neighbourhood measurement approaches in aligning with residents’ routine activity locations. We first assess this question, examining whether the boundaries of residents’ self-defined residential neighbourhoods are in closer proximity to the coordinates of a range of activity location types than are the boundaries of their census and egocentric residential neighbourhood measurement approaches. We find little evidence that egocentric or, crucially, self-defined residential neighbourhoods better align with activity locations, suggesting a division in residents’ activity locations and conceptions of their residential neighbourhoods. We then examine opposing hypotheses about how self-defined residential neighbourhoods and census tracts compare in socioeconomic and racial composition. Overall, our findings suggest that residents bound less segregated neighbourhoods than those produced by census geography, but self-defined residential neighbourhoods still reflect a preference towards homophily when considering areas beyond the immediate environment of their residence. These findings underscore the significance of individuals’ conceptions of residential neighbourhoods to understanding and measuring urban social processes such as residential segregation and social disorganisation.


Author(s):  
Dustin T. Duncan ◽  
Seann D. Regan ◽  
Basile Chaix

Defining neighborhoods for health research continues to be challenging. This chapter discusses different methods to operationalize neighborhood boundaries, including self-report, administrative definitions, geographic information system buffers and activity spaces, including global positioning system (GPS)–defined activity spaces. It discusses the strengths and limitations of each method of examining neighborhood boundaries (e.g., spatial misclassification, technical difficulties, assumptions). Readers are provided with examples of neighborhood definitions frequently applied in the epidemiology and population health literature. In addition, the chapter provides a rigorous overview of theories for selecting neighborhood definitions, including spatial polygamy theory for GPS-defined activity space neighborhoods.


Author(s):  
Bridget Freisthler ◽  
Nancy J. Kepple ◽  
Jennifer Price Wolf ◽  
Leslie Carson
Keyword(s):  

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hanson ◽  
M Schwab

This paper contains an examination of the fundamental assumption underlying the use of accessibility indicators: that an individual's travel behavior is related to his or her location vis-à-vis the distribution of potential activity sites. First, the conceptual and measurement issues surrounding accessibility and its relationship to travel are reviewed; then, an access measure for individuals is formulated. Using data from the Uppsala (Sweden) Household Travel Survey and controlling for sex, automobile availability, and employment status, the authors explore the relationship between both home- and work-based accessibility and five aspects of an individual's travel: mode use, trip frequencies and travel distances for discretionary purposes, trip complexity, travel in conjunction with the journey to work, and size of the activity space. From the results it can be seen that although all of these travel characteristics are related to accessibility to some degree, the travel–accessibility relationship is not as strong as deductive formulations have implied. High accessibility levels are associated with higher proportions of travel by nonmotorized means, lower levels of automobile use, reduced travel distances for certain discretionary trip purposes, and smaller individual activity spaces. Furthermore, the density of activity sites around the workplace affects the distances travelled by employed people for discretionary purposes. Overall, accessibility level has a greater impact on mode use and travel distance than it does on discretionary trip frequency. This result was unexpected in light of the strong trip frequency–accessibility relationship posited frequently in the literature.


2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 422-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD A. TAYEBI ◽  
UWE GLÄSSER ◽  
MARTIN ESTER ◽  
PATRICIA L. BRANTINGHAM

Crime reduction and prevention strategies are vital for policymakers and law enforcement to face inevitable increases in urban crime rates as a side effect of the projected growth of urban population by the year 2030. Studies conclude that crime does not occur uniformly across urban landscapes but concentrates in certain areas. This phenomenon has drawn attention to spatial crime analysis, primarily focusing on crime hotspots, areas with disproportionally higher crime density. In this paper, we present CrimeTracer1, a personalized random walk-based approach to spatial crime analysis and crime location prediction outside of hotspots. We propose a probabilistic model of spatial behaviour of known offenders within their activity spaces. Crime Pattern Theory concludes that offenders, rather than venture into unknown territory, frequently select targets in or near places they are most familiar with as part of their activity space. Our experiments on a large real-world crime dataset show that CrimeTracer outperforms all other methods used for location recommendation we evaluate here.


Author(s):  
R. K. Rai ◽  
Michael Balmer ◽  
Marcel Rieser ◽  
V. S. Vaze ◽  
Stefan Schönfelder ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
MAITE IRIBARREN GOICOECHEANDIA

Un análisis de las novedades que presenta la Ley del Parlamento Vasco 2/2006, de 30 de junio, de Suelo y Urbanismo en la regulación del estatuto de la propiedad del suelo urbano, tanto de los criterios para su clasificación y categorización, como los deberes establecidos para los propietarios de este tipo de suelo. Asimismo, se destaca cómo el nuevo régimen del suelo urbano tiene incidencia en los procesos de revisión y modificación del planeamiento vigente, haciéndose hincapié en el estudio de las siguientes medidas: a) los límites mínimos y máximos a la edificabilidad urbanística; b) las reservas para dotaciones públicas; c) las limitaciones a los cambios de planeamiento. La autora anuncia una huida de la actividad urbanística hacia el suelo urbano que requiere de menos obras de urbanización, reservas para dotaciones y usos protegidos que el suelo urbanizable. Lurzoruari eta hirigintzari buruzko Eusko Legebiltzarraren ekainaren 30eko 2/2006 Legeak hiri-lurzoruaren jabetzaren estatutuaren arautzeari dakarzkion berritasunak aztertzen ditu, bai sailkatzeko eta kategorizatzeko irizpideei dagokienez, bai lurzoru-mota horren jabeentzat ezarritako betebeharrei dagokienez. Era berean, nabarmendu egiten da lurzoruaren araubide berriak eragina duela indarreko plangintza berrikusteko eta aldatzeko prozesuetan, eta hurrengo neurrien azterketan jartzen da arreta: a) hirigintza-eraikigarritasunaren mugak; b) zuzkidura publikoetarako erreserbak; c) plangintza-aldaketetarako mugak. Egileak hirigintza-jarduerak hiri-lurzorurantz ihes egingo dutela iragartzen du, lurzoru urbanizagarriak baino urbanizazio-obra, erabilera babestu eta zuzkiduretarako erreserba gutxiago behar baititu. An analysis of the new features in the Basque Parliament Act 2/2006, of June 30th, on Land and Urbanism of the regulation of the rules of the urban land, both by the criteria of its classification and designation and the duties established for the new land owners of this type of land. Likewise, it is emphasized how the new regime on city land has an impact on the process of revision and change in current planning, stressing the study of the following measures: a) minimum and maximum limits to the development potential; b) reserves for the public equipment; c) limitations to changes to the planning. The author announces an escape by the urban activity towards the city land which requires less urban works, equipment reserves and protected uses than building land.


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