scholarly journals Extracting Job Title Hierarchy from Career Trajectories: A Bayesian Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Xu ◽  
Zhiwen Yu ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
Mingfei Teng ◽  
Hui Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Stochastic Algorithm ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Monotonic Transformation ◽  
Job Transitions ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Job Title ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gaussian Bayesian Network

A job title usually implies the responsibility and the rank of a job position. While traditional job title analysis has been focused on studying the responsibilities of job titles, this paper attempts to reveal the rank of job titles. Specifically, we propose to extract job title hierarchy from employees' career trajectories. Along this line, we first quantify the Difficulty of Promotion (DOP) from one job title to another by a monotonic transformation of the length of tenure based on the assumption that a longer tenure usually implies a greater difficulty to be promoted. Then, the difference of two job title ranks is defined as a mapping of the DOP observed from job transitions. A Gaussian Bayesian Network (GBN) is adopted to model the joint distribution of the job title ranks and the DOPs in a career trajectory. Furthermore, a stochastic algorithm is developed  for inferring the posterior job title rank by a given collection of DOPs in the GBN. Finally, experiments on more than 20 million job trajectories show that the job title hierarchy can be extracted precisely by the proposed method. 

On the steady-state solution of the M/G/2 queue

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 240-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Hokstad
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
General Solution ◽  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Queue Length ◽  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
Queue Length Distribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Customers

The asymptotic behaviour of the M/G/2 queue is studied. The difference-differential equations for the joint distribution of the number of customers present and of the remaining holding times for services in progress were obtained in Hokstad (1978a) (for M/G/m). In the present paper it is found that the general solution of these equations involves an arbitrary function. In order to decide which of the possible solutions is the answer to the queueing problem one has to consider the singularities of the Laplace transforms involved. When the service time has a rational Laplace transform, a method of obtaining the queue length distribution is outlined. For a couple of examples the explicit form of the generating function of the queue length is obtained.

scholarly journals Assessing the landscape of US postdoctoral salaries

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodoniki Athanasiadou ◽  
Adriana Bankston ◽  
McKenzie Carlisle ◽  
Caroline A. Niziolek ◽  
Gary S. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Region ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postdoctoral Position ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
University Systems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Using Data

Purpose Postdocs make up a significant portion of the biomedical workforce. However, data about the postdoctoral position are generally scarce, and no systematic study of the landscape of individual postdoc salaries in the USA has previously been carried out. The purpose of this study was to assess actual salaries for postdocs using data gathered from US public institutions; determine how these salaries may vary with postdoc title, institutional funding and geographic region; and reflect on which institutional and federal policy measures may have the greatest impact on salaries nationally. Design/methodology/approach Freedom of Information Act Requests were submitted to US public universities or university systems containing campuses with at least 300 science, engineering and health postdocs, according to the 2015 National Science Foundation’s Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering. Salaries and job titles of postdocs as of December 1, 2016, were requested. Findings Salaries and job titles for nearly 14,000 postdocs at 52 US institutions around December 1, 2016, were received. Individual postdoc names were also received for approximately 7,000 postdocs, and departmental affiliations were received for 4,000 postdocs. This exploratory study shows evidence of a postdoc gender pay gap, a significant influence of job title on postdoc salary and a complex relationship between salaries and the level of institutional National Institutes of Health/NSF funding. Originality/value These results provide insights into the ability of institutions to collate and report out annualized salary data on their postdocs, highlighting difficulties faced in tracking and reporting data on this population by institutional administration. Ultimately, these types of efforts, aimed at increasing transparency regarding the postdoctoral position, may lead to improved support for postdocs at all US institutions and allow greater agency for postdocs making decisions based on financial concerns.

THE FACTORS OF SOCIAL PEDAGOGUE’S CAREER TRAJECTORIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Vilija Stanišauskienė ◽  
Gintarė Edintaitė
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Career Stage ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Social Pedagogue ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Social Pedagogues

Career is one of the most important sources of personality self-awareness, self-esteem, self-expression, social status and life income. Human satisfaction with their career affects all areas of life. The balance of human life depends on career, which consists of the most important areas of human life: love, finances, social activity, leisure, physical environment, personal and spiritual development and health (Clawson, 2010). Career is the attitude and human behaviour related with work experience throughout life. Career trajectory is perceived like professional life and work experience of personality projection in his/her biography. It highlights the human career stages, values and career satisfaction dynamics. Human career trajectory is determined by internal (education, qualification, aims, expectations, personal attitudes and values) and external (social, economic, political) factors. There are still not enough research that are intended to reveal the specific factors of professions and career trajectories. Therefore, what does the career trajectory of social pedagogue look like? What factors determine the particular profession career? These are the research questions of this article.The object of research - social pedagogues’ career trajectory. The aim - to reveal the factors of social pedagogue’s career trajectories. The article consists of three parts. In the first one it is theoretically the factors of social pedagogue career are grounded. In the second the research design is rationalized. The third is dedicated to the factors those influence the career trajectories of social pedagogues. Research methods: the analysis of scientific literature; semi-structured interview; qualitative content analysis. The results of research revealed that the trajectory of social pedagogue is determined by both internal and external factors. Trajectory has a clear layout in time, there are turning points, changes; each career stage is determined by various internal and external factors. 

On the steady-state solution of the M/G/2 queue

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Hokstad
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
General Solution ◽  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Queue Length ◽  
Joint Distribution ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
Queue Length Distribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Customers

The asymptotic behaviour of the M/G/2 queue is studied. The difference-differential equations for the joint distribution of the number of customers present and of the remaining holding times for services in progress were obtained in Hokstad (1978a) (for M/G/m). In the present paper it is found that the general solution of these equations involves an arbitrary function.In order to decide which of the possible solutions is the answer to the queueing problem one has to consider the singularities of the Laplace transforms involved. When the service time has a rational Laplace transform, a method of obtaining the queue length distribution is outlined. For a couple of examples the explicit form of the generating function of the queue length is obtained.

scholarly journals Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Italian healthcare workers: a multicenter study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Francesco Violante ◽  
Paolo Durando ◽  
Giuseppe De Palma ◽  
Enrico Pira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Job Title

Background. Healthcare workers (HCW) are at increased risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, yet limited information is available on risk factors of infection. Methods. We pooled data on occupational surveillance of 10,654 HCW who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection in six Italian centers. Information was available on demographics, job title, department of employment, source of exposure, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and COVID-19-related symptoms. We fitted multivariable logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Findings. The prevalence of infection varied across centers and ranged from 3.0% to 22.0%, being strongly correlated with that of the respective areas. Women were at lower risk of infection compared to men. Fever, cough, dyspnea and malaise were the symptoms most strongly associated with infection, together with anosmia and ageusia. No differences in the risk of infection were detected between job titles, or working in a COVID-19 designated department. Reported contact with a patient inside or outside the workplace was a risk factor. Use of a mask was strongly protective against risk of infection as was use of gloves. The use of a mask by the source of exposure (patient or colleague) had an independent effect in reducing infection risk.

scholarly journals Assessing the Landscape of U.S. Postdoctoral Salaries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodoniki Athanasiadou ◽  
Adriana Bankston ◽  
McKenzie Carlisle ◽  
Carrie Niziolek ◽  
Gary McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Freedom Of Information Act ◽  
Private Institution ◽  
Postdoctoral Position ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Nih Funding ◽  
Reporting Data

AbstractPurposePostdocs make up a significant portion of the biomedical workforce. However, data about the postdoctoral position are generally scarce, including salary data. The purpose of this study was to request, obtain and interpret actual salaries, and the associated job titles, for postdocs at U.S. public institutions.MethodologyFreedom of Information Act Requests were submitted to U.S. public institutions estimated to have at least 300 postdocs according to the National Science Foundation’s Survey of Graduate Students and Postdocs. Salaries and job titles of postdoctoral employees as of December 1st, 2016 were requested.FindingsSalaries and job titles for over 13,000 postdocs at 52 public U.S. institutions and 1 private institution around the date of December 1st, 2016 were received, and individual postdoc names were also received for approximately 7,000 postdocs. This study shows evidence of gender-related salary discrepancies, a significant influence of job title description on postdoc salary, and a complex relationship between salaries and the level of institutional NIH funding.ValueThese results provide insights into the ability of institutions to collate actual payroll-type data related to their postdocs, highlighting difficulties faced in tracking, and reporting data on this population. Ultimately, these types of efforts, aimed at increasing transparency, may lead to improved tracking and support for postdocs at all U.S. institutions.

scholarly journals Neurologe of liever neuroloog? : Het effect van vrouwelijke functiebenamingen op de geloofwaardigheid van medisch specialisten

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63
Author(s):  
Eva de Cocq ◽  
Theresa Redl
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Specialist ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical Specialists ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Job Titles ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Female Professionals

Abstract The effect of female job titles on the credibility of medical specialistsSpeakers of Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands often use masculine job titles for female professionals. We tested the influence of gender(in)congruent job titles on the credibility of medical specialists in Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands. More specifically, we investigated whether the credibility of female medical specialists is boosted by referring to them with a masculine job title (e.g., neuroloog ‘neurologist (masc.)’) as opposed to a feminine job title (e.g., neurologe ‘neurologist (fem.)’). We also tested if this effect is moderated by participant gender.We constructed three news articles in which a medical specialist ‐ either a neurologist, oncologist or a surgeon ‐ shared their opinion on a health topic. The medical specialist was referred to by either the masculine or the feminine job title, thereby being incongruent or congruent with the female medical specialist’s actual gender, respectively. After having read the article, participants had to rate the medical specialist on several dimensions, based on which we calculated the health professional’s perceived credibility.The results of this study showed a significant difference between female and male participants regarding the influence of gender(in)congruent job titles on the credibility of medical specialists. Women perceived male and female medical specialists as equally credible, regardless of their job titles. Men, on the other hand, evaluated the credibility of female medical specialists to be lower when they were referred to with a masculine job title. Gender congruent job titles thus increase female medical specialists’ credibility from the perspective of men.

scholarly journals Joe Sugg: authenticity, self-branding and networking from YouTube microcelebrity to mainstream star

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kathryn Dorothy Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Content Creation ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Analytical Approaches

In this thesis, I explore the YouTube celebrification process from internet content creation to mainstream media through analysis of the career trajectory of Joe Sugg. Joe is arguably the most successful British YouTuber to transcend internet recognition and mobilise this prominence towards mainstream fame. As such, the research draws insight from his practices and brand development strategies to interrogate how he has been able to successfully bridge the worlds of mainstream and traditional media, whilst still maintaining his online presence. Existing research has defined levels of traditional and online fame, however there is a lack of research that interrogates the relationship and interaction between different stages of fame. This research considers the internet to mainstream celebrification process through a detailed analysis of Sugg’s career. Moreover, there is a gap in existing literature for research focused on individual creators’ career trajectories, particularly in relation to their development from online to the traditional media and celebrity sphere, which the research thus addresses. Within t his broad research aim, the investigation focuses on three key sub-themes within Joe’s career development: self-branding; authenticity labour; and networked relationships. The inquiry takes a single case study approach focused on Joe Sugg, which is situated in digital ethnography and utilises a variety of online and offline data collection methods to gather micro-, macro- and wider contextual level data f rom Joe’s career. The data is analysed using a combination of thematic, content and textual analytical approaches to draw insight into his career trajectory in relation to the sub-research themes. The analysis identifies ordinariness and relatability, maintaining perceived authenticity and credibility, and building strong networks online as key to developing an online brand that is commodifiable, appealing to audiences, and able to be mobilised towards mainstream media ventures. Moreover, the research offers a substantial framework for understanding the process of celebrification from online to mainstream through five stages, defined by characteristics and experiences as opposed to follower metrics. The research also provides the first significant longitudinal study of a British YouTuber’s career trajectory that interrogates their strategic brand development and networking practices, which have enabled them not only to sustain a career online, but to mobilise this online recognition towards mainstream media platforms too.

“If Someone Would Have Showed Me”: Identifying Pivotal Points in Pathways to Crime and Incarceration Through Prisoner Self-Narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 609-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline B. Helfgott ◽  
Elaine Gunnison ◽  
Jennifer Sumner ◽  
Peter A. Collins ◽  
Stephen K. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Identity Change ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Journey To Crime ◽  
Change Process Research

Criminologists and correctional administrators are continuously interested in understanding criminal career trajectories, including desistance, particularly to further develop correctional programming. One program that seeks to promote successful reentry by triggering desistance for youth and adults is the IF Project, founded in 2008 in Washington State. A central component of the IF Project program requires participants to write narratives that ask them to reflect on their journey to crime and to think about what they would have needed to break away from their criminal career trajectory. This research reports on a content analysis of 171 of these writings by adult prisoners in Washington State. Results from the content analysis reveal distinct and overlapping themes for both men and women that highlight the identity change process. Research and policy implications are discussed.

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