Are “Sartans” the Common Treatment for COVID-19 and Parkinson’s Disease?

α-Synuclein is a component of the abnormal protein depositions in senile plaques and Lewy bodies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease respectively. The protein was suggested to provide a possible nucleation centre for plaque formation in AD via selective interaction with amyloid β/A4 protein (Aβ). We have shown previously that α-synuclein has experienced self-oligomerization when Aβ25-35 was present in an orientation-specific manner in the sequence. Here we examine this biochemically specific self-oligomerization with the use of various metals. Strikingly, copper(II) was the most effective metal ion affecting α-synuclein to form self-oligomers in the presence of coupling reagents such as dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide or N-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. The size distribution of the oligomers indicated that monomeric α-synuclein was oligomerized sequentially. The copper-induced oligomerization was shown to be suppressed as the acidic C-terminus of α-synuclein was truncated by treatment with endoproteinase Asp-N. In contrast, the Aβ25-35-induced oligomerizations of the intact and truncated forms of α-synuclein were not affected. This clearly indicated that the copper-induced oligomerization was dependent on the acidic C-terminal region and that its underlying biochemical mechanism was distinct from that of the Aβ25-35-induced oligomerization. Although the physiological or pathological relevance of the oligomerization remains currently elusive, the common outcome of α-synuclein on treatment with copper or Aβ25-35 might be useful in understanding neurodegenerative disorders in molecular terms. In addition, abnormal copper homoeostasis could be considered as one of the risk factors for the development of disorders such as AD or Parkinson's disease.

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Gut–Brain Axis: Potential Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2020.00849 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Yin-Xia Chao ◽

Muhammad Yaaseen Gulam ◽

Nicholas Shyh Jenn Chia ◽

Lei Feng ◽

Olaf Rotzschke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Large Scale ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Environmental Toxins ◽

Treatment Paradigm ◽

The Common ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Exact Relationship

Increasing evidence suggests an association between gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and susceptibility and progress of Parkinson's disease (PD). Gut–brain axis has been proposed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of PD, though the exact pathophysiologic mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Here, we discuss the common factors involved in both PD and GI disorders, including genes, altered gut microbiota, diet, environmental toxins, and altered mucosal immunity. Large-scale prospective clinical studies are needed to define the exact relationship between dietary factors, microbiome, and genetic factors in PD. Identification of early diagnostic markers and demonstration of the efficacy of diet modulation and regulation of gut microbiome through specific therapeutics can potentially change the treatment paradigm for PD.

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Parkinson’s Disease Caregiving: Implications for Care Management

Care Management Journals ◽

10.1891/cmaj.4.1.53.57471 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Monique Parrish ◽

Nancy Giunta ◽

Sara Adams

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Behavioral Problems ◽

Emotional Support ◽

Behavior Management ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Assessment Process ◽

Resource Center ◽

The Common ◽

And Behavior

The primary objective of this study was to identify the needs of caregivers of individuals with Parkinson’s disease within the context of the common functional, memory, and behavioral problems experienced by Parkinson’s patients. A second objective was to evaluate any differences between caregivers of Parkinson’s patients and caregivers of adults with other forms of cognitive impairment. Data used for this analysis were collected in 1999, by the 11 Caregiver Resource Centers that form California’s statewide Caregiver Resource Center system, as part of the uniform caregiver assessment process. Parkinson’s disease caregivers requested assistance with emotional support, respite, and behavior management. Compared with caregivers of non-Parkinson’s patients served by the CRC system, caregivers of Parkinson’s patients were primarily older, entered the CRC system later, and demonstrated increased depression and other health conditions.

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Olfactory impairment and parkinson's disease-like symptoms observed in the common marmoset following administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

Acta Oto-Laryngologica ◽

10.1080/03655230410017724 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 124 (0) ◽

pp. 80-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Takaki Miwa ◽

Akihito Watanabe ◽

Yasuhide Mitsumoto ◽

Mitsuru Furukawa ◽

Nanae Fukushima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Common Marmoset ◽

Olfactory Impairment ◽

The Common

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MicroRNAs, Parkinson’s Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22062953 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 2953

Author(s):

Hsiuying Wang

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cell Cycle ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Cell Differentiation ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Therapeutic Opportunity ◽

The Common

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1% of the population over the age of 60. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that affects approximately 25% of adults over the age of 60. Recent studies showed that DM increases the risk of developing PD. The link between DM and PD has been discussed in the literature in relation to different mechanisms including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation. In this paper, we review the common microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers of both diseases. miRNAs play an important role in cell differentiation, development, the regulation of the cell cycle, and apoptosis. They are also involved in the pathology of many diseases. miRNAs can mediate the insulin pathway and glucose absorption. miRNAs can also regulate PD-related genes. Therefore, exploring the common miRNA biomarkers of both PD and DM can shed a light on how these two diseases are correlated, and targeting miRNAs is a potential therapeutic opportunity for both diseases.

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A review of cognitive and neurolinguistic deficits in Parkinson's disease

South Pacific Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/s0257543400001073 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 112-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul A. Watters ◽

Jennifer M. Gurd

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Empirical Work ◽

The Elderly ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Word Finding ◽

The Common ◽

Semantic Errors ◽

Dopaminergic Pathways

ABSTRACTParkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurological disorder which appears to be increasing in prevalence in the Asia-Pacific region among the elderly. Although PD is considered by many as a motor syndrome, its physiological basis in dopaminergic pathways has recently been associated with cognitive and neurolinguistic changes. This paper attempts to synthesise the common threads running through clinical and empirical work which has supported a specific cognitive word-finding deficit in PD. Recent computational accounts of the observed deficits are also reviewed as one way of testing theories of PD-like lexical-semantic errors, and generating empirically-testable hypotheses.

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α-Synuclein TransgenicDrosophilaAs a Model of Parkinson's Disease and Related Synucleinopathies

Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.4061/2011/212706 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hideya Mizuno ◽

Nobuhiro Fujikake ◽

Keiji Wada ◽

Yoshitaka Nagai

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Large Scale ◽

Critical Role ◽

Lewy Bodies ◽

Transgenic Animals ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Common ◽

Common Pathogenesis

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a major component of protein inclusions known as Lewy bodies, which are hallmarks of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Theα-Syn gene is one of the familial PD-causing genes and is also associated with an increased risk of sporadic PD. Numerous studies usingα-Syn expressing transgenic animals have indicated thatα-Syn plays a critical role in the common pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.Drosophila melanogasterhas several advantages for modeling human neurodegenerative diseases and is widely used for studying their pathomechanisms and therapies. In fact,Drosophilamodels expressingα-Syn have already been established and proven to replicate several features of human PD. In this paper, we review the current research on synucleinopathies usingα-SynDrosophilamodels and, moreover, explore the possibilities of these models for comprehensive genetic analyses and large-scale drug screening towards elucidating the molecular pathogenesis and developing therapies for synucleinopathies.

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