Effect of Intrinsic Motivation on Affective Responses to Moderate-Intensity Exercise in inactive people: Focused on Dual Mode Model

Imagery, as a cognitive strategy, can improve affective responses during moderate-intensity exercise. The effects of imagery at higher intensities of exercise have not been examined. Further, the effect of imagery use and activity in the frontal cortex during exercise is unknown. Using a crossover design (imagery and control), activity of the frontal cortex (reflected by changes in cerebral hemodynamics using near-infrared spectroscopy) and affective responses were measured during exercise at intensities 5% above the ventilatory threshold (VT) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Results indicated that imagery use influenced activity of the frontal cortex and was associated with a more positive affective response at intensities above VT, but not RCP to exhaustion (p < .05). These findings provide direct neurophysiological evidence of imagery use and activity in the frontal cortex during exercise at intensities above VT that positively impact affective responses.

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Throwing the Mountains into the Lakes: On the Perils of Nomothetic Conceptions of the Exercise-Affect Relationship

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.22.3.208 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 208-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Lisa M. Van Landuyt ◽

Panteleimon Ekkekakis ◽

Eric E. Hall ◽

Steven J. Petruzzello

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Conceptual Models ◽

Cycle Ergometry ◽

Affective Responses ◽

The Other ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Affective Valence ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Physical Activity Recommendations ◽

Activity Recommendations

Traditional conceptions of the exercise–affect relationship postulate that moderate-intensity exercise leads to positive affective changes in all or most individuals, and it can, therefore, be prescribed for all individuals involved in exercise programs. This study investigated whether this assumption is true, not only at the level of group averages but also at the level of individuals. Affect was assessed before, during, and after a session of moderate-intensity cycle ergometry using a dimensional conceptualization of affect. Examination of individual responses revealed a diversity of patterns that was masked by aggregate-based analyses. Mean ratings of affective valence were shown to remain stable during exercise, but in actuality almost half of the individuals experienced progressive improvement, whereas the other half experienced progressive deterioration. The diversity of individual affective responses must be taken into account in formulating conceptual models of the exercise–affect relationship and deriving public health physical activity recommendations.

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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Updates Through the Lens of Sports Cardiology

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

10.1007/s11936-021-00934-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Bradley S. Lander ◽

Dermot M. Phelan ◽

Matthew W. Martinez ◽

Elizabeth H. Dineen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Sport Participation ◽

Heart Association ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽

Shared Decision ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Sports Cardiology

Abstract Purpose of review This review will summarize the distinction between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR), describe treatments of particular relevance to athletes with HCM, and highlight the evolution of recommendations for exercise and competitive sport participation relevant to individuals with HCM. Recent findings Whereas prior guidelines have excluded individuals with HCM from more than mild-intensity exercise, recent data show that moderate-intensity exercise improves functional capacity and indices of cardiac function and continuation of competitive sports may not be associated with worse outcomes. Moreover, recent studies of athletes with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) demonstrated a safer profile than previously understood. In this context, the updated American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) HCM guidelines have increased focus on shared decision-making and liberalized restrictions on exercise and sport participation among individuals with HCM. Summary New data demonstrating the safety of exercise in individuals with HCM and in athletes with ICDs, in addition to a focus on shared decision-making, have led to the most updated guidelines easing restrictions on exercise and competitive athletics in this population. Further athlete-specific studies of HCM, especially in the context of emerging therapies such as mavacamten, are important to inform accurate risk stratification and eligibility recommendations.

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Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine content in older individuals increases whole‐body fat oxidation during moderate‐intensity exercise

Aging Cell ◽

10.1111/acel.13303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Carolyn Chee ◽

Chris E. Shannon ◽

Aisling Burns ◽

Anna L. Selby ◽

Daniel Wilkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Whole Body ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise

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Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: effect of moderate intensity exercise and oxytocin compared to l-arginine in a rat model

Egyptian Liver Journal ◽

10.1186/s43066-021-00111-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amr H. ELKady ◽

Bataa M. Elkafoury ◽

Dalia A. Saad ◽

Doaa M. Abd el-Wahed ◽

Walaa Baher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemia Reperfusion ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Treated Group ◽

Significant Decline ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Trained Group ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Hepatic Ischemia ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion

Abstract Background Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is considered as a main cause of liver damage and dysfunction. The l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway seems to be relevant during this process of IR. Although acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), regular training improves hepatic antioxidant status. Also, oxytocin (Oxy), besides its classical functions, it exhibits a potent antistress, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatic functional and structural changes induced by hepatic IR injury in rats and to probe the effect and potential mechanism of moderate intensity exercise training and/or Oxy, in comparison to a nitric oxide donor, l-arginine, against liver IR-induced damage. Results Compared to the sham-operated control group, the hepatic IR group displayed a significant increase in serum levels of ALT and AST, plasma levels of MDA and TNF-α, and significant decrease in plasma TAC and nitrite levels together with the worsening of liver histological picture. L-Arg, Oxy, moderate intensity exercise, and the combination of both Oxy and moderate intensity exercises ameliorated these deleterious effects that were evident by the significant decrease in serum levels of ALT and AST, significant elevation in TAC and nitrite, and significant decline in lipid peroxidation (MDA) and TNF-α, besides regression of histopathological score regarding hepatocyte necrosis, vacuolization, and nuclear pyknosis. Both the moderate intensity exercise-trained group and Oxy-treated group showed a significant decline in TNF-α and nitrite levels as compared to l-Arg-treated group. The Oxy-treated group showed statistical insignificant changes in serum levels of ALT, AST, and plasma levels of nitrite, MDA, TAC, and TNF-α as compared to moderate intensity exercise-trained group. Conclusion The combination of both moderate intensity exercise and Oxy displayed more pronounced hepatoprotection on comparison with l-Arg which could be attributed to their more prominent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects but not due to their NO-enhancing effect.

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INDIVIDUALIZED SPORTS MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR PREGNANT WOMEN IN CHINA

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519419400554 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (08) ◽

pp. 1940055

Author(s):

LIN YANG ◽

QI LUO ◽

YANG LU ◽

SONG ZHANG ◽

YIMIN YANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Care Services ◽

Health Management ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Women's Sports ◽

Perinatal Complications ◽

Monitoring Methods ◽

Target Heart Rate ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Women’S Sports

In recent years, pregnant women in China generally face problems such as unbalanced and excessive nutrition, lack of proper exercise during pregnancy, which shows a significant increase in weight during pregnancy, leading to an increasing trend of perinatal complications. At present, there is less sports health management system for pregnant women throughout pregnancy. In view of this, based on the existing research in related fields, this study deeply explores the appropriate monitoring methods of pregnant women’s sports in China. In this study, effective and convenient testing methods and evaluation criteria were proposed for pregnant women’s sports and psychology. The research idea was a method based on the pulse wave to detect pregnant women’s cardiac reserve capacity, and grading the Diastolic/Systolic value of pregnant women as a reference for grading individualized target heart rate range of moderate intensity exercise. The effective time and energy expenditure of pregnant women were assessed by monitoring the exercise process. The purpose is to help and guide pregnant women in the whole process of pregnancy self-movement management, and thus improve the quality of maternal health care services in China.

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Physical exercise and blood pressure with reference to the angiotensinogen M235T polymorphism

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00050.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Rainer Rauramaa ◽

Raimo Kuhanen ◽

Timo A. Lakka ◽

Sari B. Väisänen ◽

Pirjo Halonen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Reference Group ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Blood Pressures ◽

Agt Gene ◽

M235t Polymorphism

We investigated the role of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene M235T polymorphism in determining blood pressure (BP) response to moderate intensity exercise in a 6-yr randomized controlled trial in 140 middle-aged men. Sitting, supine, and standing blood pressures were measured annually. Of the randomized men, 86% participated in the trial for 6 yr. Submaximal cardiorespiratory fitness increased by 16% in the exercise group. In the M homozygotes, sitting systolic BP decreased by 1.0 mmHg in the exercise but increased by 14.6 mmHg in the reference group ( P = 0.007 for net effect). Sitting and supine diastolic BP decreased by 6.2 and 3.3 mmHg in the exercise but increased by 2.8 and 3.2 mmHg in the reference group ( P = 0.026 and 0.024 for net effects), respectively. Regular moderate intensity exercise attenuates aging-related increase in systolic BP and decreases diastolic BP among the M homozygotes of the AGT gene M235T polymorphism.

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Dietary nitrate supplementation attenuates the reduction in exercise tolerance following blood donation

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00451.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 311 (6) ◽

pp. H1520-H1529 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sinead T. J. McDonagh ◽

Anni Vanhatalo ◽

Jonathan Fulford ◽

Lee J. Wylie ◽

Stephen J. Bailey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Peak Power ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Exercise Tests ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

Nitrate Supplementation

We tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation could partially offset deteriorations in O2transport and utilization and exercise tolerance after blood donation. Twenty-two healthy volunteers performed moderate-intensity and ramp incremental cycle exercise tests prior to and following withdrawal of ∼450 ml of whole blood. Before donation, all subjects consumed seven 70-ml shots of NO3−-depleted BR [placebo (PL)] in the 48 h preceding the exercise tests. During the 48 h after blood donation, subjects consumed seven shots of BR (each containing 6.2 mmol of NO3−, n = 11) or PL ( n = 11) before repeating the exercise tests. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were reduced by ∼8–9% following blood donation ( P < 0.05), with no difference between the BR and PL groups. Steady-state O2uptake during moderate-intensity exercise was ∼4% lower after than before donation in the BR group ( P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the PL group. The ramp test peak power decreased from predonation (341 ± 70 and 331 ± 68 W in PL and BR, respectively) to postdonation (324 ± 69 and 322 ± 66 W in PL and BR, respectively) in both groups ( P < 0.05). However, the decrement in performance was significantly less in the BR than PL group (2.7% vs. 5.0%, P < 0.05). NO3−supplementation reduced the O2cost of moderate-intensity exercise and attenuated the decline in ramp incremental exercise performance following blood donation. These results have implications for improving functional capacity following blood loss.

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