Market access, teff production, and fertilizer use over time

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals The Violent Legacy of Conflict: Evidence on Asylum Seekers, Crime, and Public Policy in Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 4378-4425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Couttenier ◽  
Veronica Petrencu ◽  
Dominic Rohner ◽  
Mathias Thoenig
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Childhood Exposure ◽  
Integration Policies ◽  
Labor Market Access ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Unique Dataset

We study empirically how past exposure to conflict in origin countries makes migrants more violence-prone in their host country, focusing on asylum seekers in Switzerland. We exploit a novel and unique dataset on all crimes reported in Switzerland by the nationalities of perpetrators and of victims over 2009–2016. Our baseline result is that cohorts exposed to civil conflict/mass killing during childhood are 35 percent more prone to violent crime than the average cohort. This effect is particularly strong for early childhood exposure and is mostly confined to co-nationals, consistent with inter-group hostility persisting over time. We exploit cross-region heterogeneity in public policies within Switzerland to document which integration policies are best able to mitigate the detrimental effect of past conflict exposure on violent criminality. We find that offering labor market access to asylum seekers eliminates two-thirds of the effect. (JEL D74, F22, K42, Z18)

scholarly journals Environmental Reliance Traps and Pathways – Theory and Analysis of Empirical Data From Rural Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Zena Walelign ◽  
Xi Jiao ◽  
Carsten Smith-Hall
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Over Time

Existing theoretical and empirical work on poverty traps does not in detail investigate interactions between environmental reliance and socioeconomic factors over time. A string of studies has documented that environmental products provide rural households with both subsistence and cash income and that high environmental reliance is often associated with poverty. These studies are snapshots and do not allow an understanding of environmental reliance dynamics – are households trapped at high levels of environmental reliance, what factors enable movement from high to low reliance, and how are such movements associated with total household income? Here we develop and present a theory of environmental reliance traps that allows analysis and explanation of changes in household-level environmental reliance over time. We propose operational parametric and non-parametric models for empirical investigation of the theory and employ these using an environmentally augmented three-wave panel household income and asset dataset (n = 427, pooled n = 1212) from Nepal. We found no evidence of an environmental reliance trap in the study population, meaning that all households converged on a single long-term environmental reliance equilibrium point. Households with high environmental reliance moving down toward the equilibrium (n = 358) have low income and asset endowments; while households with low environmental reliance moving up toward the equilibrium (n = 854) are better off, in terms of both income and assets. The approach identified the poorer households that make a living from harvesting substantial amounts of environmental products The probability of being a high-downward moving household is negatively associated with the size of landholding, market access, and female headship, and positively associated with the household head being born in the village and belonging to the most common caste. We argue that the identification of environmental reliance pathways can simultaneously inform interventions aimed at environmental conservation and poverty reduction.

scholarly journals The Land–Labour Hypothesis in a Settler Economy: Wealth, Labour and Household Composition on the South African Frontier

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Cilliers ◽  
Erik Green
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Afrique Du Sud ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Land Availability ◽  
Frontier Region ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Farming Households ◽  
Over Time

AbstractTraditional frontier literature identifies a positive correlation between land availability and fertility. A common explanation is that the demand for child labour is higher in newly established frontier regions compared to older, more densely populated farming regions. In this paper, we contribute to the debate by analysing the relationship between household composition and land availability in a closing frontier region, i.e. the Graaff-Reinet district in South Africa’s Cape Colony from 1798–1828. We show that the number of children in farming households increased with frontier closure, while the presence of non-family labourers decreased over time. Contrasting with the classic interpretation, we explain this by acknowledging that the demand for family labour was not a function of its marginal productivity and that farmers reacted differently to diminishing land availability depending on their wealth. Poorer households, which made up the majority of this frontier population, responded to shrinking land availability by employing relatively more family labour, while the wealthiest group invested in strengthening market access.TRANSLATED ABSTRACTS FRENCH – GERMAN – SPANISHJeanne Cilliers et Erik Green. L’hypothèse sur la disponibilité de terres et la main d’œuvre dans une économie de colons: richesse, main d’œuvre et composition du ménage à la frontière sud-africaine.La littérature traditionnelle de la frontière identifie une corrélation positive entre la disponibilité de terres et la fertilité. Une explication courante est que la demande de travail des enfants est supérieure dans les régions frontalières nouvellement établies, par comparaison avec d’anciennes régions agricoles plus densément peuplées. Dans cet article, nous contribuons au débat en analysant la relation entre la composition du ménage et la disponibilité de terres dans une région frontalière en train de fermer, le district de Graaff-Reinert dans la Colonie du Cap en Afrique du Sud, entre 1798 et 1828. Les auteurs montrent que le nombre des enfants dans les ménages agricoles augmenta avec la fermeture des frontières, tandis que la présence d’ouvriers agricoles non familiaux déclina au fil des ans. Contrairement à l’interprétation classique, nous expliquons ce phénomène en reconnaissant que la demande de travailleurs familiaux ne dépendit pas de sa productivité marginale, et que les exploitants agricoles réagirent différemment selon leur richesse à la disponibilité de terres diminuante. Les foyers plus pauvres, qui constituaient la majorité de cette population frontalière, répondirent à la disponibilité de terres déclinante en employant relativement plus de main d’œuvre familiale, tandis que le groupe le plus riche investit dans le renforcement de l’accès au marché.Traduction: Christine Plard

CAI threatens to undermine EU-US cooperation on China

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Business ◽  
Regulatory Landscape ◽  
Rights Issues ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Economic Agreement

Significance Under the CAI, which is the first economic agreement between the EU and China, Beijing made most of the concessions in order to get a deal agreed before US President Joe Biden’s inauguration. The EU secured greater liberalisation of market access and some commitments on unfair practices and human rights issues. Impacts The CAI will not undermine EU instruments (foreign subsidy control and investment screening) to scrutinise Chinese business in the EU. The CAI will likely highlight the EU’s struggles to use economic deals to shape the regulatory landscape outside the bloc. Over time China could well decide to water down some of its commitments in the CAI. UK firms will be at a disadvantage where the EU has negotiated greater market access, including in financial services and the auto sector.

Eligibility to Use the Fund's Facilities for Concessional Financing, 2015

Policy Papers ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (33) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Market Access ◽  
The Self ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
The Imf

The review of PRGT eligibility continues to be guided by the principles of maintaining a transparent, rules-based, and parsimonious framework—ensuring uniformity of treatment across members in similar situations while taking appropriate account of country-specific circumstances. The graduation policy seeks to maintain broad alignment with the World Bank’s IDA graduation practices, while also remaining consistent with the principle of ensuring the self-sustainability of the PRGT’s lending capacity over time. The paper concludes that the existing framework remains broadly appropriate, but could be enhanced in a few areas, including: Making use of additional data sources, namely the IMF BEL database, in assessing that a country has durable and substantial market access, supplementing the current reliance on the World Bank’s IDS database that is produced with a significant lag; Sharpening the specification of circumstances under which the presence of serious short-term vulnerabilities would justify non-graduation of a country that meets the income graduation criterion. This would entail limiting the application of the serious short-term vulnerabilities criterion for countries that exceed the applicable income graduation threshold by 50 percent or more.

scholarly journals The Samurai Bond: Credit Supply, Market Access, and Structural Transformation in Pre-War Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-500
Author(s):  
Sergi Basco ◽  
John P. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
Credit Supply ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Redistributive Effects ◽  
Over Time

While credit supply growth is associated with exacerbating financial crises, its impact on long-run growth is unclear. Market access similarly has ambiguous economic effects over time. Using regional variation in bond payments to samurai and the introduction of railways in nineteenth century Japan, we find that together they are associated with persistent redistributive effects between regions and sectors. Areas with higher bond value and railway access experienced tertiary sector growth and primary sector shrinkage, with analogous results in sectoral labor shares. This interaction between credit supply and market access facilitated structural transformation but had little long-run net growth impact.

Running out of steam on emerging markets? The limits of MNE firm-specific advantages in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Curran ◽  
Lee Keng Ng
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which the firm-specific advantages (FSAs) which underlie international expansion have proved resilient for European multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in a key emerging market – China. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt a qualitative, case study approach, using interview data to explore the companies’ FSAs on market entry, how they evolved over time and the strategies adopted to defend them. They undertook 15 in-depth interviews with decision makers in six companies addressing their experience since market entry. To control for sector-level effects, the authors focus on companies in the environmental protection sector. Findings The authors found examples of significant erosion of the FSAs among the case study companies, which undermined their position on the host market and their long-term competitiveness. The key sources of erosion were limitations in market access, exclusion from local networks and the emergence and upgrading of local competitors, often firms with whom the MNEs had collaborated in the past. Research limitations/implications The relatively small number of cases (six) limits the generalisability of the findings by the authors. However, the authors are convinced that, given that the case companies are generally large and have long experience in China, the conclusions made are well grounded. In addition, there was the high level of coherence in the reported experiences of the interviewees, providing further support for the findings. Practical implications The experience of these case study companies highlights that MNEs have difficulty retaining their unique FSAs when faced with rapidly evolving local competition in a key emerging market. Key strategies mobilised included focussing on a sub-sector of the market and localising both the company and their supply chains. The difficulties experiencing by these case study companies in retaining their FSAs underline the need for MNEs in emerging markets to avoid complacency and constantly innovate, but they also raise questions about their capacity to extend their international reach in the long term. Originality/value Very few studies have explored the FSAs of firms and how they evolve over time using a case study-based qualitative approach, especially in emerging markets.

scholarly journals Services procurement under the WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement: whither market access?

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANIRUDH SHINGAL
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Home Bias ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Government Procurement ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper studies the government procurement of services from foreign suppliers by conducting a statistical analysis of data submitted by Japan and Switzerland to the WTO's Committee on Government Procurement. Using several metrics, the paper examines whether the WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) has led to greater market access for foreign suppliers in services procurement. Our results indicate that despite the GPA, the proportions of services contracts awarded to foreigners have declined over time for both countries and that in the absence of this decline, the value of services contracts awarded to foreign firms would have been more than 15 times higher in the case of Japan and nearly 68 times more in the case of Switzerland. We also find that for the same services categories, the Japanese government is not purchasing as much from abroad as its private sector is importing from the rest of the world, a finding that further points to the home-bias in that government's public purchase decisions.

scholarly journals Social: An Algorithmic Stable Coin for Social Influence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Access Protocols ◽  
Social Physics ◽  
Access Data ◽  
Over Time

Social is an algorithmic stable coin for social influence, built off of UMA or Universal Market Access Protocols, CloutContracts (CCS), and on the Celo network. It is based off of quantitative algorithmic stabilization provided by a social coin's perceived cryptographic value. Social is a utility and this technology is conceptual. How Social works, is by integrating statistical averages for CCS and social tokens staked within its network. It integrates universal market access in regards to CCS data (CloutContracts is a smart contracts platform for social influencers and creators). Social as an algorithmically pegged stable coin, will eventually create a standard for social influence. Decentralized finance applications might even peg cryptographic value to Social as a utility. Social can integrate decentralized oracles in order to process data much quicker over time, once the network becomes large enough. Since CloutContracts integrates social networks across various different places such as DeSo/BitClout, Minds, Peepeth, Steemit, etc., one can eventually establish some sort of cryptographic metric in regards to social influence, and develop complex algorithms centered around social physics and human behavioral processes. The same type of mathematical models that apply to quantitative algorithms in the stock market for example, can apply to social influence. The same also applies for mathematical models modeled after games like chess and go. Social as a stable coin, creates another complexity that CloutContracts can use to create new mathematical standards around market access data that it already has, and could be quite critical. Social influence as a market, and as some sort of utility, can then be looked at as either a metric, mathematical bet, or speculative model for new forms of political and human societies.

A Political Economy Theory of International Trade Agreements

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Helen V. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
International Trade Agreements ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Preferential Trading Arrangements ◽  
Over Time

This chapter presents a theory of the domestic political conditions that lead countries to enter into formal trade agreements. More specifically, it attempts to explain the establishment of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs), institutions in which member-states reciprocally lower their trade barriers on each other's products and thereby grant each member preferential market access. The focus is on why and when countries have chosen to enter such agreements, understanding that there is substantial variability in the spread of PTAs over time and the countries that join them. Why have some countries joined many PTAs, while others have joined very few, and what explains the timing of PTA formation? The chapter first presents a rationalist theory of domestic politics to explain the pattern of PTAs. It then develops seven auxiliary hypotheses that follow from the logic of the present model to further explore the model's implications.

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