scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES DURING A WHOOPING COUGH IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
Nigina Murodovna Khodzhaeva ◽  
◽  
Manizha Dzhumaevna Madzhonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
First Year ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
First Year Of Life

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen

2021 ◽  
pp. 449-463
Author(s):  
Brian J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Maximum Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Prostaglandin H ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP; paracetamol)) are the commonest analgesic drugs used in childhood. Though both drugs act through inhibition of prostaglandin H2 synthetase, acetaminophen lacks the anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs. Neonatal acetaminophen hepatic clearance is reduced in premature neonates (5–10% adult rates) and increases to 30% adult rates in neonates born at term; adult rates (approximately 16–20 l/h/70 kg) are reached within the first year of life. NSAID clearance maturation, mostly through cytochrome P450 mixed oxidases, is more rapid. Concentration–response relationships suggest a maximum pain reduction of 5 or 6 on a 10-point scale for both drugs. Combination therapy does not increase this maximum effect but does prolong duration of analgesia. Whilst both drugs have good safety profiles, dosing of both drug groups is tempered by concerns about toxicity. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is associated with single doses (>250 mg/kg in preschool children, >150 mg/kg in adults) and therapy duration longer than 3–5 days (>90 mg/kg/day).The most common minor adverse events in NSAID recipients are nausea, dizziness, and headache. More concerning is the potential of NSAIDs to cause gastrointestinal irritation, blood clotting disorders, renal impairment, neutrophil dysfunction, and bronchoconstriction. These adverse effects are uncommon provided care is taken with drug dose, duration of therapy, and recognition of contraindications.

scholarly journals Neonatal Immunity toBordetella pertussisInfection and Current Prevention Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Argondizo-Correia ◽  
Ana Kelly Sousa Rodrigues ◽  
Cyro Alves de Brito
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Bacterial Agent ◽  
Neonatal Immunity ◽  
First Year Of Life

Bordetella pertussisis the bacterial agent of whooping cough, an infectious disease that is reemerging despite high vaccine coverage. Newborn children are the most affected, not only because they are too young to be vaccinated but also due to qualitative and quantitative differences in their immune system, which makes them more susceptible to infection and severe manifestations, leading to a higher mortality rate comparing to other groups. Until recently, prevention consisted of vaccinating children in the first year of life and the herd vaccination of people directly in touch with them, but the increase in cases demands more effective strategies that can overcome the developing immune response in early life and induce protection while children are most vulnerable.

scholarly journals PERTUSSIS IN CHILDREN – CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SAMARA REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Gasilina ◽  
S. M. Kitajchik ◽  
I. A. Gorelova ◽  
N. P. Kabanova ◽  
O. A. Fedoseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
First Year ◽  
Bacteriological Method ◽  
Express Methods ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective:to study the features of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of whooping cough in children in the Samara region.Materials and methods: 389 cases of pertussis in the Samara region for 2015–2016 were analyzed.Results: it is shown that in spite of 95–98% vaccination coverage, in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of whooping cough. Seasonality of morbidity remains. Among the children observed, the youngest children were not vaccinated against pertussis. The clinical picture of the disease remains typical with the classic course of catarrhal and spasmodic periods. Moderately severe forms of the disease predominate. Complications were noted mainly in unvaccinated children of the first year of life. The most frequent complications were pneumonia and apnea. There is a hypodiagnosis of pertussis in outpatient conditions. Infection often occurs under the mask of ARVI, while the sensitivity of the bacteriological method of diagnosis is zero. Of the methods for confirming the diagnosis, the most reliable is ELISA and PCR.Conclusion: these epidemiological and clinical features of pertussis current testify to the need to further improve methods of early diagnosis, especially express methods, etiopathagenetic treatment, specific prevention, antiepidemic measures in the foci of infection.

scholarly journals Bordetella pertussis isolation in general practice: 1977–79 whooping cough epidemic in West Glamorgan

1983 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Kwantes ◽  
D. H. M. Joynson ◽  
W. O. Williams
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
First Year ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Minimum Period ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Culture Positive

SUMMARYSome of the factors influencing the isolation rate of Bordetella pertussis during a whooping cough epidemic in West Glamorgan, Wales, are reported. The organism was isolated from 39% of patients with clinical whooping cough, pernasal swabbing being much more successful than cough plates. Isolation rates were increased in the non-immunized, particularly in the first year of life. Erythromycin and co-trimoxazole significantly reduced the isolation rate of B. pertussis but this did not occur with penicillin. In this study 20 % of patients were culture positive 6 weeks after the onset of their infection. It is suggested that the Department of Health and Social Security recommendation of a minimum period of three weeks exclusion of children from school is inadequate. During the epidemic, the proportion of strains of B. pertussis containing antigen 2 more than doubled.

scholarly journals MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOOPING COUGH IN MOSCOW

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Mikheeva ◽  
N. N. Fomkina ◽  
M. A. Mikheeva
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Timely Immunization ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Year Of Life

The goal of the study was the identification of epidemiological features of whooping cough and assessment of economic losses due to this disease in Moscow.Materials and methods. The retrospective descriptive epidemiological research is conducted. The statistical data on incidence of whooping cough in the Russian Federation and in Moscow from 2009 to June, 2018, the reports on registration of whooping cough cases as well as the results of laboratory testing on whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 have been studied. The general losses from whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 have been calculated.Results. The whooping cough incidence in Moscow considerably influences a situation on this infection in the country in general as more than 20% of all cases of whooping cough in Russia are registered in the capital, where the incidence exceed by 1.5–2.5 times the average country level. The incidence of whooping cough among children of 7–14 years and the share of this group of population in the structure of the whooping cough cases have increased in Moscow, and outbreaks of pertussis at schools are observed. In Moscow the general losses due to whooping cough in children of 7–14 years in 2017 were estimated as 19.72 million rubles. High performance of vaccinal prevention of whooping cough is confirmed: in Moscow in 2017 the coefficient of epidemiological efficiency of vaccination among children of 6-12 months was 97.7%, among children at the age of 1 year – 82.6%, 2 years -79.9%, 3 years – 74.9%. Weighted average of direct loss from a case of whooping cough was estimated as 31182.2 rubles. The general losses due to whooping cough in Moscow in 2017 were 67.88 million rubles.Conclusion. It is necessary to take additional measures for vaccinal prevention of whooping cough at children of school age and to support the high level of coverage by timely immunization of children of the first year of life. For assessment of economic feasibility of vaccinal prevention of whooping cough it is necessary to consider the size of economic losses due to this disease.

scholarly journals Apparent life-threatening events in neonates and infants of the first year of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-308
Author(s):  
Natalya N. Korableva
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Newborn Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
Outpatient Basis ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

There are presented data on the apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) that may develop as a sudden, frightening episode with the cessation of breathing (apnea), skin discoloration (cyanosis, pallor, redness), violation of muscle tone: lowering (more often) or rigidity, with the presence of cough or breathlessness in the first year infant. ALTE incidence ranges from 0.46 to 10 per 1000 live births. Common causes of ALTE are established to be gastroesophageal reflux disease, viral infections of the lower respiratory tract, convulsions, whooping cough, sepsis and/or meningitis, arrhythmias or congenital malformations of the heart and respiratory hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, cases of child abuse. There are described history characteristics and features of the examination of ALTE survivors. Most of the ALTE babies are indicated to require hospitalization for cardiorespiratory monitoring within 24 hours after the event. A child older than 30 days suffered from first ALTE clearly associated with feeding, can be observed and examined on an outpatient basis. There is notes particular importance of the new medical and organizational technologies for the improvement of newborn health care, which will significantly promote the prevention of these conditions.

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen

2013 ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
Brian J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Maximum Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Prostaglandin H ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) are the commonest analgesic drugs used in childhood. Although both drugs act through inhibition of prostaglandin H2 synthetase (PGHS), acetaminophen lacks the anti-inflammatory effects of the NSAIDs. Neonatal acetaminophen hepatic clearance is reduced in premature neonates (5–10% adult rates) and increases to 30% adult rates in neonates born at term; adult rates (approximately 16–20 L/h/70 kg) are reached within the first year of life. NSAID clearance maturation, mostly through cytochrome P450 mixed oxidases, is more rapid. Concentration–response relationships suggest a maximum pain reduction of 5 or 6 on a 10-point scale for both drugs. Combination therapy does not increase this maximum effect but does prolong duration of analgesia. While both drugs have good safety profiles, dosing of both drug groups is tempered by concerns about toxicity. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is associated with single doses (〉250 mg/kg in preschool children, 〉150 mg/kg in adults) and therapy duration longer than 3 to 5 days (〉90 mg/kg/day).The most common minor adverse events in NSAID recipients are nausea, dizziness, and headache. More concerning is the potential of NSAIDs to cause gastrointestinal irritation, blood clotting disorders, renal impairment, neutrophil dysfunction, and bronchoconstriction. These adverse effects are uncommon provided care is taken with drug dose, duration of therapy, and recognition of contraindications.

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