scholarly journals Effect of Temperature at Early Stage of Fruit Development on the Development of Fruit and Seed in Apple

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu TAMURA ◽  
Hirokazu FUKUI ◽  
Shigeru IMAKAWA ◽  
Yoshio MINO
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Effect Of Temperature

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature Conditions on Flame Evolutions of Turbulent Jet Ignition

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Jiaying Pan ◽  
Yu He ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Haiqiao Wei ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Propagation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Turbulent Jet ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Main Chamber ◽  
Detailed Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Jet Flame ◽  
Spherical Flame ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Turbulent jet ignition technology can significantly improve lean combustion stability and suppress engine knocking. However, the narrow jet channel between the pre-chamber and the main chamber leads to some difficulties in heat exchange, which significantly affects combustion performance and mechanical component lifetime. To clarify the effect of temperature conditions on combustion evolutions of turbulent jet ignition, direct numerical simulations with detailed chemical kinetics were employed under engine-relevant conditions. The flame propagation in the pre-chamber and the early-stage turbulent jet ignition in the main chamber were investigated. The results show that depending on temperature conditions, two types of flame configuration can be identified in the main chamber, i.e., the normal turbulent jet flame propagation and the spherical flame propagation, and the latter is closely associated with pressure wave disturbance. Under low-temperature conditions, the cold jet stoichiometric mixtures and the vortexes induced by the jet flow determine the early-stage flame development in the main chamber. Under intermediate temperature conditions, pre-flame heat release and leading pressure waves are induced in the jet channel, which can be regarded as a transition of different combustion modes. Whereas under high-temperature conditions, irregular auto-ignition events start to occur, and spherical flame fronts are induced in the main chamber, behaving faster flame propagation.

The influence of temperature on the tension developed in an isometric twitch

1951 ◽  
Vol 138 (892) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
Velocity Of Shortening ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isometric Twitch ◽  
The One

In muscular contraction the development of tension requires that the contractile component should shorten and stretch the series elastic component. In an isometric twitch the maximum tension is reached as a balance between two opposing processes, internal shortening on the one hand and decay of the active state (relaxation) on the other. The fact that the maximum tension in a twitch is considerably less than in a tetanus has been attributed to oncoming relaxation allowing insufficient time for internal shortening to be completed. The maximum tension in a twitch is considerably reduced by a rise of temperature, while that in a tetanus is somewhat increased. This would require that the temperature coefficient of the velocity of shortening should be substantially less than that of the decay of activity. Evidence for this exists. On this view the effect of a quick stretch, applied during the early stage of a twitch, in increasing the tension ratio, stretch/isometric, should be much greater at a higher temperature. This expectation is confirmed on frogs’ muscles over the range 0 to 20°C. The effect of temperature, therefore, on the size of a twitch can be attributed to the difference between the temperature coefficients of velocity of shortening and rate of relaxation.

scholarly journals Integrative Analysis of the Metabolome and Transcriptome of a Cultivated Pepper and Its Wild Progenitor Chiltepin (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) Revealed the Loss of Pungency During Capsicum Domestication

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bipei Zhang ◽  
Fang Hu ◽  
Xiaotao Cai ◽  
Jiaowen Cheng ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wild Progenitor ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Comparative Metabolomics ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Chili Peppers

Pungency is a unique characteristic of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) caused by capsaicinoids. The evolutionary emergence of pungency is thought to be a derived trait within the genus Capsicum. However, it is not well-known how pungency has varied during Capsicum domestication and specialization. In this study, we applied a comparative metabolomics along with transcriptomics analysis to assess various changes between two peppers (a mildly pungent cultivated pepper BB3 and its hot progenitor chiltepin) at four stages of fruit development, focusing on pungency variation. A total of 558 metabolites were detected in two peppers. In comparison with chiltepin, capsaicinoid accumulation in BB3 was almost negligible at the early stage. Next, 412 DEGs associated with the capsaicinoid accumulation pathway were identified through coexpression analysis, of which 18 genes (14 TFs, 3 CBGs, and 1 UGT) were deemed key regulators due to their high coefficients. Based on these data, we speculated that downregulation of these hub genes during the early fruit developmental stage leads to a loss in pungency during Capsicum domestication (from chiltepin to BB3). Of note, a putative UDP-glycosyltransferase, GT86A1, is thought to affect the stabilization of capsaicinoids. Our results lay the foundation for further research on the genetic diversity of pungency traits during Capsicum domestication and specialization.

scholarly journals Sludge pretreatment by sonication: Effect of temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Tuan Ngoc Le
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thermal Hydrolysis ◽  
Specific Energy Input ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Sludge Pretreatment ◽  
Cavitation Intensity ◽  
Initial Work

Effects of temperature (T) rise in conditions of isothermal, adiabatic sonication -US (the same power input -PUS), and sole thermal hydrolysis, then its effects associated with PUS for the same specific energy input (ES) and the same treatment duration were investigated. The main results were that the evolution of sludge T depended on PUS. In cases of the same ES (different PUS then different US duration), for the small probe, high PUS were still beneficial for sludge disintegration. However, for the big probe, a low disintegration efficiency was achieved at high PUS due to the high sludge T which leads to a significant damp of cavitation intensity. In cases of the same ES and treatment time, the sludge disintegration still benefited from high PUS if enough time was let for subsequent thermal hydrolysis. Therefore, the combined effect should be taken into account in optimization of US process: cavitation acts mainly during the early stage of the adiabatic US, then US being progressively damped by the increasing T, thermal hydrolysis takes over, being “boosted” by the initial work of US.

MawuAP1 promotes flowering and fruit development in the basal angiosperm Magnolia wufengensis (Magnoliaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247-1259
Author(s):  
Cunjie Li ◽  
Liyuan Chen ◽  
Xiaoning Fan ◽  
Wenjuan Qi ◽  
Jiang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Basal Angiosperm ◽  
Basal Angiosperms ◽  
Floral Organs ◽  
Magnolia Wufengensis

Abstract The APETALA1/SQUAMOSA (AP1/SQUA)-like genes of flowering plants play crucial roles in the development processes of floral meristems, sepals, petals and fruits. Although many of the AP1/SQUA-like genes have been characterized in angiosperms, few have been identified in basal angiosperm taxa. Therefore, the functional evolution of the AP1/SQUA subfamily is still unclear. We characterized an AP1 homolog, MawuAP1, from Magnolia wufengensis that is an ornamental woody plant belonging to the basal angiosperms. Gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggested that MawuAP1 was clustered with the FUL-like homologous genes of basal angiosperms and had FUL motif and paleoAP1 motif domain, but it did not have the euAP1 motif domain of core eudicots. Expression pattern analysis showed that MawuAP1 was highly expressed in vegetative and floral organs, particularly in the early stage of flower bud development and pre-anthesis. Protein–protein interaction pattern analysis revealed that MawuAP1 has interaction with an A-class gene (MawuAP1), C-class gene (MawuAG-1) and E-class gene (MawuAGL9) of the MADS-box family genes. Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that MawuAP1 could significantly promote flowering and fruit development, but it could not restore the sepal and petal formation of ap1 mutants. These results demonstrated that there are functional differences in the specification of sepal and petal floral organs and development of fruits among the AP1/SQUA-like genes, and functional conservation in the regulation of floral meristem. These findings provide strong evidence for the important functions of MawuAP1 in floral meristem determination, promoting flowering and fruit development, and further highlight the importance of AP1/SQUA subfamily in biological evolution and diversity.

Predation on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) eggs by the sand shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa)

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1611-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Taylor ◽  
Donald J Danila
Keyword(s):  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Spawning Season ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Egg Mortality ◽  
Crangon Septemspinosa

This study estimated rates of sand shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) predation on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) eggs and examined the effect of temperature on density-dependent mortality of early-stage flounder. In laboratory experiments, shrimp feeding rates on flounder eggs were positively correlated with temperature and shrimp size. Immunological assays of shrimp stomach contents indicated that 7.2% of shrimp collected from the Niantic River (Connecticut) had flounder eggs in their stomachs. Incidence of egg predation was highest in February (20%) and decreased continuously into early April (1.2%). In a deterministic model simulating predator-induced mortality of flounder eggs during a spawning season, shrimp consumed 0.4%–49.7% of the total flounder spawn. Variations in shrimp population abundance and size structure accounted for the greatest variability in egg mortality. Water temperature during the spawning season presumably alters the population dynamics of early-stage flounder. In a long-term survey, the number of yolk-sac flounder larvae in warm years (≥4.3 °C) was depressed at high egg densities, indicating strong compensatory processes that increased egg mortality and limited the abundance of larvae. Failure of flounder to produce strong year-classes of larvae during warm years, possibly resulting from altered trophic dynamics, may explain the inability of stocks to recover from previous overexploitation.

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