MEASURES FOR REDUCING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AT NIGHT: INTER-DISCIPLINARY DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Jägerbrand ◽  
C.A. Bouroussis
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
High Level

The use of artificial light at night in the outdoor environment may introduce negative and unwanted side-effects such as light pollution and unwanted impacts on humans, ecosystems and biodiversity. Therefore, appropriate measures for reducing the adverse effects of artificial light at night are important to establish a sustainable use of outdoor lighting. This paper presents an updated overview and a state-of-the-art of available and effective measures for reducing artificial light at night, which range from strategical and high-level recommendations to more practical and applicable lighting design recommendations and principles. Another aim is to identify prioritized future research questions and areas that will enhance progress within the area. We present the current recommendations into three groups: (I) recommendations for legislation at the national or international levels, (II) recommendations for technical and practical adaptations of the lighting design and (III) recommendations for sensitive species, taxa, areas or ecosystems.

The Effect of Layoffs on Firm Reputation

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Flanagan ◽  
K. C. O’Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Firm Reputation ◽  
Strategic Resources ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Using Data

A firm’s reputation is perhaps one of its most important strategic resources. Using data from Fortune’s America’s Most Admired Companies survey, this article examines how layoffs affect the reputations of firms. The authors found that layoffs have a negative impact on a firm’s reputation and that this relationship is significantly stronger for newer firms than older firms. Limited support is found for the hypothesis that larger firms’ reputations will be buffered from the adverse effects of a layoff on their reputations. Implications of this research and future research questions are discussed.

scholarly journals Artificial light at night alters life history in a nocturnal orb-web spider

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas J Willmott ◽  
Jessica Henneken ◽  
Caitlin J Selleck ◽  
Therésa M Jones
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Juvenile Development

The prevalence of artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing rapidly around the world. The potential physiological costs of this night lighting are often evident in life history shifts. We investigated the effects of chronic night-time exposure to ecologically relevant levels of LED lighting on the life history traits of the nocturnal Australian garden orb-web spider (Eriophora biapicata). We reared spiders under a 12-hour day and either a 12-hour natural darkness (~0 lux) or a 12-hour dim light (~20 lux) night and assessed juvenile development, growth and mortality, and adult reproductive success and survival. We found that exposure to ALAN accelerated juvenile development, resulting in spiders progressing through fewer moults, and maturing earlier and at a smaller size. There was a significant increase in daily juvenile mortality for spiders reared under 20 lux, but the earlier maturation resulted in a comparable number of 0 lux and 20 lux spiders reaching maturity. Exposure to ALAN also considerably reduced the number of eggs produced by females, largely associated with ALAN-induced reductions in body size. Despite previous observations of increased fitness for some orb-weavers in urban areas and near night lighting, it appears that exposure to artificial night lighting may lead to considerable developmental costs. Future research will need to consider the detrimental effects of ALAN combined with foraging benefits when studying nocturnal insectivores that forage around artificial lights.

scholarly journals Artificial light at night alters life history in a nocturnal orb-web spider

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas J Willmott ◽  
Jessica Henneken ◽  
Caitlin J Selleck ◽  
Therésa M Jones
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Juvenile Development

The prevalence of artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing rapidly around the world. The potential physiological costs of this night lighting are often evident in life history shifts. We investigated the effects of chronic night-time exposure to ecologically relevant levels of LED lighting on the life history traits of the nocturnal Australian garden orb-web spider (Eriophora biapicata). We reared spiders under a 12-hour day and either a 12-hour natural darkness (~0 lux) or a 12-hour dim light (~20 lux) night and assessed juvenile development, growth and mortality, and adult reproductive success and survival. We found that exposure to ALAN accelerated juvenile development, resulting in spiders progressing through fewer moults, and maturing earlier and at a smaller size. There was a significant increase in daily juvenile mortality for spiders reared under 20 lux, but the earlier maturation resulted in a comparable number of 0 lux and 20 lux spiders reaching maturity. Exposure to ALAN also considerably reduced the number of eggs produced by females, largely associated with ALAN-induced reductions in body size. Despite previous observations of increased fitness for some orb-weavers in urban areas and near night lighting, it appears that exposure to artificial night lighting may lead to considerable developmental costs. Future research will need to consider the detrimental effects of ALAN combined with foraging benefits when studying nocturnal insectivores that forage around artificial lights.

scholarly journals Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Schroer ◽  
Benedikt John Huggins ◽  
Clementine Azam ◽  
Franz Hölker
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Special Protection

The fundamental change in nocturnal landscapes due to the increasing use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as being detrimental to the environment and raises important regulatory questions as to whether and how it should be regulated based on the manifold risks to the environment. Here, we present the results of an analysis of the current legal obligations on ALAN in context with a systematic review of adverse effects. The legal analysis includes the relevant aspects of European and German environmental law, specifically nature conservation and immission control. The review represents the results of 303 studies indicating significant disturbances of organisms and landscapes. We discuss the conditions for prohibitions by environmental laws and whether protection gaps persist and, hence, whether specific legislation for light pollution is necessary. While protection is predominantly provided for species with special protection status that reveal avoidance behavior of artificially lit landscapes and associated habitat loss, adverse effects on species and landscapes without special protection status are often unaddressed by existing regulations. Legislative shortcomings are caused by difficulties in proving adverse effect on the population level, detecting lighting malpractice, and applying the law to ALAN-related situations. Measures to reduce ALAN-induced environmental impacts are highlighted. We discuss whether an obligation to implement such measures is favorable for environmental protection and how regulations can be implemented.

Foundations of Trust for E-Health

2011 ◽  
pp. 49-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Corritore ◽  
Beverly Kracher ◽  
Susan Wiedenbeck ◽  
Robert Marble
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Online Trust ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
High Level

Trust has always been an important element of healthcare. As healthcare evolves into ehealth, a question arises: What will the nature of trust be in ehealth? In this chapter the authors provide the reader with a foundation for considering this question from a research perspective. The authors focus on one ehealth domain: online websites. The chapter begins with a high-level overview of the body of offline trust research. Next, findings related to online trust are presented, along with a working definition. Trust research in the context of online health care is then examined, although this body of work is in its infancy. A detailed discussion of our research in the area of online trust is then presented. Finally, with this background, we take the reader through some possible research questions that are interesting candidates for future research on the nature of trust in ehealth.

Effects of artificial light at night on fishes: A synthesis with future research priorities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshpreet Bassi ◽  
Oliver P. Love ◽  
Steven J. Cooke ◽  
Theresa R. Warriner ◽  
Christopher M. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night

scholarly journals Lighting Professionals versus Light Pollution Experts? Investigating Views on an Emerging Environmental Concern

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nona Schulte-Römer ◽  
Josiane Meier ◽  
Etta Dannemann ◽  
Max Söding
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Lighting Industry ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Conflicting Interests

Concerns about the potential negative effects of artificial light at night on humans, flora and fauna, were originally raised by astronomers and environmentalists. Yet, we observe a growing interest in what is called light pollution among the general public and in the lighting field. Although lighting professionals are often critical of calling light ‘pollution’, they increasingly acknowledge the problem and are beginning to act accordingly. Are those who illuminate joining forces with those who take a critical stance towards artificial light at night? We explore this question in more detail based on the results of a non-representative worldwide expert survey. In our analysis, we distinguish between “lighting professionals” with occupational backgrounds linked to lighting design and the lighting industry, and “light pollution experts” with mostly astronomy- and environment-related professional backgrounds, and explore their opposing and shared views vis-à-vis issues of light pollution. Our analysis reveals that despite seemingly conflicting interests, lighting professionals and light pollution experts largely agree on the problem definition and problem-solving approaches. However, we see diverging views regarding potential obstacles to light pollution mitigation and associated governance challenges.

scholarly journals Impact of artificial light at night on diurnal plant-pollinator interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Giavi ◽  
Colin Fontaine ◽  
Eva Knop
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Pollinator Community ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Commercial Street

AbstractArtificial light at night has rapidly spread around the globe over the last decades. Evidence is increasing that it has adverse effects on the behavior, physiology, and survival of animals and plants with consequences for species interactions and ecosystem functioning. For example, artificial light at night disrupts plant-pollinator interactions at night and this can have consequences for the plant reproductive output. By experimentally illuminating natural plant-pollinator communities during the night using commercial street-lamps we tested whether light at night can also change interactions of a plant-pollinator community during daytime. Here we show that artificial light at night can alter diurnal plant-pollinator interactions, but the direction of the change depends on the plant species. We conclude that the effect of artificial light at night on plant-pollinator interactions is not limited to the night, but can also propagate to the daytime with so far unknown consequences for the pollinator community and the diurnal pollination function and services they provide.

scholarly journals Artificial light at night alters life history in a nocturnal orb-web spider

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas J. Willmott ◽  
Jessica Henneken ◽  
Caitlin J. Selleck ◽  
Therésa M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Web Spider ◽  
Orb Web ◽  
Juvenile Development

The prevalence of artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasing rapidly around the world. The potential physiological costs of this night lighting are often evident in life history shifts. We investigated the effects of chronic night-time exposure to ecologically relevant levels of LED lighting on the life history traits of the nocturnal Australian garden orb-web spider (Eriophora biapicata). We reared spiders under a 12-h day and either a 12-h natural darkness (∼0 lux) or a 12-h dim light (∼20 lux) night and assessed juvenile development, growth and mortality, and adult reproductive success and survival. We found that exposure to ALAN accelerated juvenile development, resulting in spiders progressing through fewer moults, and maturing earlier and at a smaller size. There was a significant increase in daily juvenile mortality for spiders reared under 20 lux, but the earlier maturation resulted in a comparable number of 0 lux and 20 lux spiders reaching maturity. Exposure to ALAN also considerably reduced the number of eggs produced by females, and this was largely associated with ALAN-induced reductions in body size. Despite previous observations of increased fitness for some orb-web spiders in urban areas and near night lighting, it appears that exposure to artificial night lighting may lead to considerable developmental costs. Future research will need to consider the detrimental effects of ALAN combined with foraging benefits when studying nocturnal insectivores that forage around artificial lights.

Foundations of Trust for E-Health

2012 ◽  
pp. 1167-1193
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Corritore ◽  
Beverly Kracher ◽  
Susan Wiedenbeck ◽  
Robert Marble
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Online Trust ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
High Level

Trust has always been an important element of healthcare. As healthcare evolves into ehealth, a question arises: What will the nature of trust be in ehealth? In this chapter the authors provide the reader with a foundation for considering this question from a research perspective. The authors focus on one ehealth domain: online websites. The chapter begins with a high-level overview of the body of offline trust research. Next, findings related to online trust are presented, along with a working definition. Trust research in the context of online health care is then examined, although this body of work is in its infancy. A detailed discussion of our research in the area of online trust is then presented. Finally, with this background, we take the reader through some possible research questions that are interesting candidates for future research on the nature of trust in ehealth.

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