Structural Imbalances in Canadian Labor Markets

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gera ◽  
S. S. Rahman ◽  
J. L. Arcand
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Interregional Disparities ◽  
The Relationship

The nature of structural imbalances in the Canadian Labor market is identified by analyzing the relationship between unemployment and job vacancies. Three potential sources of imbalances are examined: (1) the regional nature of the Canadian economy; (2) the rise in the incidence of long-term unemployment (of 12 months or more); and (3) differences in the rate of growth of unemployment across industrial sectors. The major findings are: growing structural imbalances; an increase in long-term unemployment was the major cause of the shift in most cases; both inter-and intraregional effects played a significant role, but interregional disparities were the dominant factor; and the dispersion in employment growth rates across industrial sectors did not seem to play a role.

scholarly journals Adjacency to a harvest trail increases drought resistance of interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) in partially harvested stands in central British Columbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil P. Thompson ◽  
Kathy J. Lewis ◽  
Lisa M. Poirier
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ring Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Drought tolerance of trees may be affected by competition, but most studies quantifying the relationship do not consider the effect of stem clustering. Trees are often clustered in interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mayr) Franco) forests near the grassland interface in central British Columbia due to past harvesting practices or habitat management for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)). Climate change projections indicate continued increases in temperature, an outcome that would stress trees growing in dry environments. Trees placed in different states of competition by mechanical harvesting in the 1970s were sampled to provide a 40-year comparison of three levels of competition during 1–2 year droughts. Tree-ring analysis was used to assess the reduction in growth during drought years and resumption of growth in subsequent years. A clear separation of growth rates was evident between open-growing trees, trees on the edge of harvesting trails, and trees within the unharvested interior. Edge trees had intermediate growth rates but no differences were found in the long-term climate–growth relationship compared with open-growing trees. Both Edge and Open classes showed less relative growth reduction during droughts than Interior trees growing between harvest trails. Precipitation throughfall rates and competition for resources are likely driving short-term drought tolerance in combination with other factors.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Active Labor Market Programs and Employability of the Long‐Term Unemployed

Labour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-175
Author(s):  
Jacob Nielsen Arendt ◽  
Henrik Lindegaard Andersen ◽  
Morten Saaby
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Active Labor ◽  
Active Labor Market Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Labor Market Programs ◽  
Active Labor Market

Immigration and Labor Market Outcomes in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-652
Author(s):  
Allen Hyde ◽  
Michael Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

Two broad orientations have motivated scholarship on the relationship between immigration and labor market outcomes in the United States. The first, the supply-side perspective, often focuses on how immigration affects a variety of outcomes such as unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality. The second, the demand-side perspective, generally contends that these labor market outcomes result mainly from economic restructuring that subsequently attracts immigrants to labor markets. Previous studies have often reached divergent conclusions due to differing assumptions about the direction of causality in these relationships. In this paper, we use three-stage least squares regression, a technique that allows for nonrecursive relationships, to adjudicate the direction of causality between immigration and labor market outcomes. Using 2010 data for 366 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, we find support for the demand-side perspective, or that economic restructuring results in higher unemployment, casualization, and earnings inequality, which subsequently increases levels of immigration in metropolitan labor markets.

Carcass additions increase juvenile salmonid growth, condition, and size in an interior Columbia River Basin tributary

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kaylor ◽  
Seth M. White ◽  
Edwin R. Sedell ◽  
Dana R. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Juvenile Salmonids ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
The Relationship

Numbers of anadromous fish returning to freshwater ecosystems have declined precipitously across much of western North America, reducing a potentially important resource subsidy for juvenile salmonids. We added carcasses to three sections of a Snake River tributary and assessed juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytcha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth, body condition, size, and diet responses in summer and early fall. Juvenile salmonids consumed an abundance of eggs and carcass tissue, which increased energy rations. Within 3 weeks of carcass additions, juvenile Chinook and steelhead growth rates were 1.1–5 and 6–23 times greater in treatment reaches relative to control reaches, respectively. We used long-term tagging and detection data from this system to assess the relationship between juvenile Chinook size and emigration survival for two different juvenile life histories. The increased growth rates and body size in response to carcass additions, coupled with a positive relationship between body size and survival, suggest that juvenile salmonid rearing productivity and emigration survival may be limited by depressed returns of anadromous fishes in this system and potentially other tributaries of the Columbia Basin.

The Influence of Metallurgical and Mechanical Pre-Damage on Creep-Crack and Fatigue-Crack Growth Rates of CrMoV Steel

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Sekihara ◽  
Shigeo Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Stress Intensity Factor ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Creep Crack Growth ◽  
Creep Crack ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

The effects of mechanical degradation on the creep- and fatigue-crack growth rates in power plants operated long-term were studied. Creep-crack growth tests and fatigue-crack growth tests were performed using creep-pre-strained and repetitive-strained CrMoV rotor-steel specimens. It was found that the creep-crack growth rates, da/dt, of the creep-pre-damaged specimens were larger than those of virgin specimens under constant load. It was also found that under the same stress intensity factor K, da/dt in the case of about 10%-crept and creep void induced specimens was increased five times, while in the case of 0.8%- and 2.8%-crept specimens, it only increased a little. However, all the data fell in a narrow scatter band in the relationship between C* and da/dt. The effect of long-term operating degradation appeared on the creep- and fatigue-damage under the Slow-Fast waveform. Also the crack density was larger in the damaged specimens compared with the virgin specimens. Other results showed that the fatigue-crack growth rates, da/dN, of creep- and fatigue-pre-damaged specimens were larger than those of virgin specimens. Under the same stress intensity factor range ΔK, da/dN in a specimen with approximately 10%-creep was increased 20 times. Moreover da/dN in fatigue-pre-damaged specimens was accelerated 10 times. However, the results of the strain-controlled crack growth test fell in a narrow scatter band in the relationship between J integral range ΔJ and da/dN. These results suggest that the creep remaining lives and fatigue remaining lives of mechanically damaged CrMoV steel can be estimated using the C* & ΔJ values considering the creep rate and the deformation rate of the pre-damaged materials and the da/dt and da/dN values of the virgin material.

scholarly journals Pesticide Concentrations in Vacuum Dust from Farm Homes: Variation between Planting and Nonplanting Seasons

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Golla ◽  
Brian Curwin ◽  
Wayne Sanderson ◽  
Marcia Nishioka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pesticide Contamination ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Pesticide Exposures ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Planting Season

The hazards of chronic low-level pesticide exposures inside homes have received little attention. Research to date does not provide answers regarding the long-term potential bioavailability of pesticides in homes and its risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide levels in Iowa homes during one year and assess the relationship between exposure levels and potential sources of pesticide contamination. The study involved sampling surveys of the target pesticide atrazine among 32 farm families in a three-county area of Iowa during the planting season (April–June) and nonplanting season (November-December). Dust samples were collected, and information gathered through questionnaires to evaluate pesticide migration inside homes. This study found that dust in every farm home surveyed was contaminated with atrazine during both seasons and these concentrations significantly decreased by the nonplanting season. Pesticide amounts, acreage, and spraying time determined the presence and persistence of this herbicide inside farm homes.

scholarly journals Do Labor Market Regulations Affect the Link between Innovation and Employment? Evidence from Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Baensch ◽  
Maria Laura Lanzalot ◽  
Giulia Lotti ◽  
Rodolfo Stucchi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Severance Payments ◽  
Labor Market Regulations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract This paper sheds light on how labor market regulations affect the relationship between different types of innovation and employment in Latin America. We estimate the effect of process and product innovation on employment growth using Enterprise Surveys for 14 Latin American countries. We calculate the model for the whole sample and then classify countries according to the rigidness of their labor market regulations. We find that: (i) product innovations have a positive impact on employment growth; (ii) process innovations do not affect employment growth; and (iii) more rigid labor market regulations (minimum wages and severance payments) reduce the effects of innovation.

Capitalism and Kinship: Do Institutions Matter in the Labor Market?

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Doeringer ◽  
Philip I. Moss ◽  
David G. Terkla
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
New England ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Labor Adjustment ◽  
Income Sharing

This study examines the determination of employment and pay on capitalist and kinship vessels in the New England fishing industry. Capitalist vessels resemble standard competitive firms in the way that employment and pay respond to changing market conditions; kinship vessels operate under work guarantees and income-sharing rules. These differences in institutional rules lead to different patterns of income, employment, growth, and labor adjustment. The study shows how an understanding of the institutional structure of labor markets can contribute to the design of public policies to facilitate adjustment to change and to promote industrial growth.

A Labor Market Theory of Earnings Distribution

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Charles Parker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Theoretical Rationale ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Distribution Density Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Case

A simple theory of the labor market is presented in which the short end of the market sells. A flexible parameterisation of the theory yields an earnings distribution density function which is closely approximated by the well-known beta and gamma specifications. Apart from providing a theoretical rationale for these tractable and closefitting specifications, the theory suggests that the parameters of the beta distribution (this distribution encompassing the gamma as a special case) can be interpreted in terms of the structure of labor markets. This has implications for why earnings distributions take their commonly observed positive skew, as well as for wider issues including the relationship between employment and equality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document