scholarly journals Facilitated harvesting of eggs from laboratory-reared Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Viana Sousa ◽  
Brígida Souza ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Souza Bezerra ◽  
Bruno Barbosa Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Complete Removal ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Embryonic Stage ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Oviposition Substrate ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
Egg Destruction

Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) eggs are attached to the oviposition substrate by long silk stalks. The complete removal of these stalks is crucial for efficient egg release in biological control programs. The present study aimed at establishing an appropriate oviposition substrate and determining the best embryonic stage for submission of C. externa eggs to manual destalking and harvesting. Eggs oviposited on bond or chamois paper substrates were transferred from rearing cages and incubated in a growth chamber under controlled conditions for 24, 48, 72 or 96 hours according to the embryonic stage development required. Substrates were positioned in an inclined tray and softly brushed with a folded rectangle of soft muslin cloth. Destalked eggs were placed individually in microtiter plates and incubated in a growth chamber until hatching. Egg destruction at all embryonic stages and oviposition on the chamois substrate were considerably higher as compared to those from bond paper. Young eggs harvested from chamois paper were particularly susceptible and exhibited 88 % destruction, whereas eggs aged 48, 72 or 96 hours showed < 10 % destruction on both substrates. Viability of eggs collected at 24 hours for both substrates was significantly different from the observed for the other embryonic stages. The method described will contribute to improve the efficiency of manual harvesting of C. externa eggs and can be employed as an alternative to chemical techniques of destalking in mass rearing.

scholarly journals Cold storage and gamma irradiation of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier eggs (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in relation to the success of parasitism by Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naglaa F. Abdel-Hameid ◽  
I. R. M. Elzoghby ◽  
A. L. Mehany ◽  
W. A. A. Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Sitotroga Cerealella ◽  
Trichogramma Evanescens ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Angoumois Grain Moth ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
The Times

AbstractThe performance of parasitism by the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was investigated under cold storage and gamma irradiation treatments of the host eggs. Cold storage treatment could improve the parasitoid mass rearing techniques and reduced the costs of biological control programs, while gamma irradiation might be used as a supplementary support at the times of high demand. The suitability of the S. cerealella eggs, stored at – 20 °C for 0.5, 1, or 2 h. as a host for T. evanescens was evaluated. The sensitivity of S. cerealella eggs to gamma irradiation treatments and the acceptability of irradiated eggs for parasitism by T. evanescens females for the parental P and F1 generations were examined. The results revealed that parasitism was drastically reduced more than adult’s emergence and sex-ratio (% of females) after cold storage periods of S. cerealella eggs. Moreover, the parasitism percentages were relatively reduced to (97.1, 96.1, 93.03, and 92.7 %) after irradiating the S. cerealella eggs at 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy, respectively than the control (97.3% emergence). The percentages of emergence and females’ percent were slightly decreased by gamma irradiation doses, while, equal preferred by the F1 generation of parasitoid that produced from irradiated S. cerealella eggs.

Mass Rearing Bemisia Parasitoids for Support of Classical and Augmentative Biological Control Programs

2014 ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Goolsby ◽  
Matthew A. Ciomperlik ◽  
Gregory S. Simmons ◽  
Charles J. Pickett ◽  
Juli A. Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Augmentative Biological Control ◽  
Control Programs

scholarly journals Egg parasitoid wasps as natural enemies of the neotropical stink bug Dichelops melacanthus

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Alberto Laumann ◽  
Maria Carolina Blassioli Moraes ◽  
Joseane Padilha da Silva ◽  
Afrânio Márcio Corrêa Vieira ◽  
Samantha da Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Telenomus Podisi

The objective of this work was to determine the potential of five species of Scelionidae wasps - Telenomus podisi, Trissolcus basalis, Trissolcus urichi, Trissolcus teretis and Trissolcus brochymenae - as natural enemies of the neotropical stink bug Dichelops melacanthus, and to determine if the presence of eggs of other stink bug species influences the parasitism and development of the parasitoids. Two kinds of experiments were done in laboratory: without choice of hosts (eggs of D. melacanthus) and with choice (eggs of D. melacanthus and of Euschistus heros). Biological parameters, including proportion of parasitism, immature survivorship, progeny sex ratio, immature stage development period, and host preference were recorded. All the evaluated parasitoids can parasitize and develop on D. melacanthus eggs. The first choice of eggs did not influence the proportion of D. melacanthus eggs parasitized by Tr. basalis, Tr. teretis or Tr. brochymenae. However, D. melacanthus eggs as the first choice of Te. podisi and Tr. urichi increased, respectively, 9 and 14 times the chance for parasitism on eggs of this species. Behavioral and ecological aspects of parasitoids should be considered prior to their use in biological control programs.

scholarly journals Notas sobre la biología y ecología de Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae), plaga de plantas anarcardiaceas en América tropical. I. Formas inmaduras.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Soto-Manitiu ◽  
Luis G. Chaverri ◽  
Luis Fernando Jirón
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Minute Period ◽  
Anastrepha Obliqua ◽  
Oviposition Substrate ◽  
Fallen Fruit

Some details on the biology, behavior and laboratory mass rearing of Anastrepha obliqua are offered. Information on larvaI diets and oviposition substrates are discussed. Eggs of A. obliqua are, very succeptible to dehydratation and they collapse just few minutes after oviposition, if substrate for oviposition is not near 100% R.H. When using fruits as oviposition substrate, smallerfruit species, Spanish plums (Spondias spp.) offer higher yields. Bigger fruits (mango) loose large amounts of water and it accumulates in the sand substrate drowning mature larvae. After analyzing the biological cycle, the weaker part seems to be the 20 minute period in which mature larvae abandon the fallen fruit substrate and crawl few a centimeters on the floor seeking for an appropiate place for ovipositing. In this period large amounts of predators easily diminish larval population. Once pupation takes place, adult forms hatch in small groups, after eleven days, when atmosferic relativehumidity reaches 70%. Another observations are also included.

scholarly journals Does membrane feeding compromise the quality ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perran A. Ross ◽  
Meng-Jia Lau ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Host Cues

AbstractModifiedAedes aegyptimosquitoes are being mass-reared for release in disease control programs around the world. Releases involving female mosquitoes rely on them being able to seek and feed on human hosts. To facilitate the mass-production of mosquitoes for releases, females are often provided blood through artificial membrane feeders. When reared across generations there is a risk that mosquitoes will adapt to feeding on membranes and lose their ability to feed on human hosts. To test adaptation to membrane feeding, we selected replicate populations ofAe. aegyptifor feeding on either human arms or membrane feeders for at least 8 generations. Membrane-selected populations suffered fitness costs, likely due to inbreeding depression arising from bottlenecks. Membrane-selected females had higher feeding rates on membranes than human-selected ones, suggesting adaptation to membrane feeding, but they maintained their attraction to host cues and feeding ability on humans despite a lack of selection for these traits. Host-seeking ability in small laboratory cages did not differ between populations selected on the two blood sources, but membrane-selected females were compromised in a semi-field enclosure where host-seeking was tested over a longer distance. Our findings suggest thatAe. aegyptimay adapt to feeding on blood provided artificially, but this will not substantially compromise field performance or affect experimental assessments of mosquito fitness. However, large population sizes during mass rearing with membrane feeders should be maintained to avoid bottlenecks which lead to inbreeding depression.Author summaryWith modified mosquitoes being mass-reared for release in disease control programs, there is interest in understanding factors that can affect the quality of release stocks. In the laboratory, membrane feeding devices are often used to provide blood to female mosquitoes which they need to lay eggs. Over time, mosquitoes could adapt to membrane feeding and lose their preference for (or ability to feed on) natural hosts. Adaptation could affect the performance of lab-reared mosquitoes when deployed in the field, especially if the success of disease control programs relies on female reproduction such as in gene drive orWolbachia-based approaches. We tested to see ifAedes aegyptimosquitoes, the principal vectors of dengue virus, would adapt to feeding on blood provided via membranes. We found some evidence of adaptation, with membrane-selected mosquitoes having higher feeding rates on membranes, but this didn’t affect their ability to feed on humans or their attraction to host cues. Although membrane feeding alone does not substantially affect mosquito quality, it can lead to inbreeding depression if populations pass through bottlenecks as they adapt to feeding on blood provided artificially. Our results may inform mass-rearing programs involving the release of modified female mosquitoes.

Life History and Sex Determination in the Diaspine Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) (Coccoidea)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Bennett ◽  
Spencer W. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Chromosome Behaviour ◽  
Control Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Pseudaulacaspis Pentagona

The increasing body of knowledge about the armored scales is beginning to reveal manv unique aspects in the life cycles of these highly specialized insects. Such information is not only of value to the entomologist and those concerned with the control of scales but is also becoming important in such diverse fields as genetics, ecology, cytology, and physiology; armored scales may well find an expanding place in the laboratory as subjects for researches in a variety of fields. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) has one of the most unusual, yet to date one of the best understood life cycles of the armored scales. Various aspects of its biology have been described by Berlese (1910), Smit (1953), Dustan (1953), and Monti (1955). Accounts of its natural enemies or biological control programs have been given by Berlese (1910) for Italy, by Ogilvie (1928) and Simmonds (1955) for Bermuda, by Bennett (1956) for Trinidad, and Clausen (1956) for Florida. P. pentagona is a pest of economic importance on a wide variety of hosts throughout an extekive geographic distribution (Anon., 1956), and has been cultured extensively in the biological control laboratory for the mass-rearing of scale parasites and predators. Recent investirzations of the sex determining mechanik and chromosome behaviour (Brown and Bennett, 1957) have arain shown unusual processes and relationships, some of which appear to occur in many other species of armored scales. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the life cycle of P. pentagona as it is known from field and laboratory studies and from cytological and genetic investigations.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature and superparasitism on quality and characteristics of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) during mass rearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Cheng Zhou ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Li ◽  
Quan-Quan Liu ◽  
Su-Fang Ning ◽  
Wu-Nan Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Lepidopteran Pests ◽  
Fitness Parameters ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Trichogramma Dendrolimi ◽  
Host Behaviour

AbstractThelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma spp. are widely used egg parasitoids against lepidopteran pests in biological control programs. Wolbachia may manipulate host wasps for superparasitism and is sensitive to temperature. To explore effects of temperature and superparasitism, we compared fitness parameters and Wolbachia-mediated phenotype of thelytokous Wolbachia-infected Trichogramma dendrolimi between those emerging from superparasitised or single-parasitised hosts at 17, 21, 25, or 29 °C. Infected mothers of T. dendrolimi showed reduced superparasitism and parasitism increased with temperature. Wolbachia titre decreased with temperature when females emerged from singly-parasitised hosts, but there was no correlation in superparasitised hosts. Females showed higher Wolbachia titres at 21, 25, or 29 °C when developing from superparasitised hosts. The daily male ratio of offspring increased with temperature, and the day-age threshold for 5%, 50%, or 95% daily male ratio decreased with temperature in both parasitism forms. Females that emerged from superparasitised hosts had a shorter life span and reduced fecundity. These results indicate that Wolbachia may affect host behaviour by increasing superparasitism to enhance its spread, but this has negative effects on thelytokous Wolbachia-infected T. dendrolimi.

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