Isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of the mosquito Culex sp

Introduction: Culex is an insect of the family Culicidae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. It is known as the domestic mosquito. Their larvae develop in stagnant and dirty water, with plenty of organic matter. Some species of the insect such as Culex quinquefasciatus transmit the worms (helminths) called Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis or Elephantiasis. Aims: Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of isotherapic of Culex on the biological cycle of this insect. Material and Method: The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Homeopathy at the State University of Maringa in the period from March 26 to December 31, 2007. Fifteen larvae of Culex sp. the same stage of development (Stage I) were used in the experiment with Isopathy of Culex sp. Was added 200 microliters of the dilutions of isotherapic 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 30cH in each flask containing 30 mL of water and 15 larvae of Culex sp. The control consisted of 30 mL of water and 200 mL of 5% alcohol. The flasks were covered by tissue "toule"-type to prevent the dispersal of adult insects. The dilutions were produced according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (1987) [1]. Were determined: average number of larvae, pupae and mosquitoes during the cycle of the insect. Results and Discussion: The presence of Culex isotherapic in the growth solution presented complex responses. Some dilution caused positive responses (3, 6, 9, 12 and 18cH) in the average number of larvae (Figure 1). Dilution 18cH apparently caused a protective effect, and somehow minimized the negative influence of the environment, or protect the larvae from unfavorable abiotic conditions. Dilutions 6, 18 and 24 cH, instead, caused adverse effect on larval and pupa survival, but positive when we consider the objective of this work. There is an interesting phenomenon when evaluating the biological responses in living according to the dilution used. The alternation of rises and falls in the physiological variables as a function of dilution were observed by several authors [2-5]. It behavior is not explained by science, but it is believed to be related to the rhythmic nature movement [6,7] and also with the law of similarity occurring between dilution and the organism that receives it. Thus, the physiological function of the dilutions in the same drug are often cyclical and not linear. Conclusion: The results of this experiment suggest that some dilution may be used in studies to control the mosquito Culex sp.

USE OF EXPERT SOFTWARE AND PHEROMONES TRAPS FOR BIOCENOTIC STRESS MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING OF TREATMENTS AGAINST INSECTS IN ORCHARDS

This paper presents our results in use of the specialized software and specific modules for microclimate monitoring and pest biological cycle assessment, to evaluate and quantify the attack risk for microclimate monitoring, combined with 6 type specific pheromones produced in Romania, in order to determine their efficacy in detecting the targeted micro Lepidoptera, assess their population flight pattern, as well and the biocenotic stress, both tools categories aiming to the precise positioning of the treatments to achieve integrated pests management and reduce the overall impact of the treatments with insecticides on the environment. According the fruit species, several strategies have been defined and followed by several insecticide applications into the bearing orchards, to achieve a better control of damaging micro Lepidoptera. Use of the mixed monitoring systems in tandem with specific pheromones contributed to a more efficient use of the insecticides and increased performances, both for pome and stone fruit species as well.

Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon, 1967) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): is this a potential natural enemy of Aculops lycopersici (Massee, 1937) (Acari: Eriophyidae)?

This study aimed to determine the biological parameters of Neoseiulus tunus (De Leon, 1967) feeding on Aculops lycopersici (Massee, 1937). We conducted experiments to assess the predation rate of the former and its biological cycle when consuming A. lycopersici exclusively. Moreover, we assessed the preference of N. tunus for A. lycopersici concerning the pollen of Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaceae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1835, using free-choice tests. The obtained data indicates A. lycopersici is an appropriate prey to N. tunus, as it allows it to complete its development, reproduce and increase its population. We also noticed that this phytoseiid prefers A. lycopersici to the two other food sources. Though more robust studies will be needed, these preliminary results allow some inferences, such as N. tunus being a potential natural enemy of A. lycopersici.

Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars

The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.

Life Cycle of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Under Semi-Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Adult Calliphoridae flies, as well as their immature stages collected from carcasses, have been used as evidence in forensic investigations to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI), particularly those of the genus Chrysomya as it is one of the first genera to colonize a corpse. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart 1842), due to its appearance in cadaveric remains, plays a fundamental role in the study of forensic entomology. For this reason, we determined the biological cycle of C. rufifacies under semicontrolled laboratory conditions: uncontrolled average fluctuating temperature of 29. 76 ± 3. 22°C, uncontrolled average fluctuating humidity of 48. 91 ± 11.13%, and a controlled photoperiod of 12/12 (L/O). We established that the total development time from oviposition to adult emergence of C. rufifacies was 6. 5 d. The eggs took 12 h to hatch after oviposition. The complete larval stage took 60 h (instar 1 = 12 h, instar 2 = 12 h, instar 3 = 24 h, instar 3 post-feeding = 12 h). The pupa had a duration of 84 h. The species needed a total of 4642.8(±4.59) accumulated degree-hours (ADH) to complete its biological cycle.

A LOOK INTO CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH: EXPLORING THE BIO AND TECHNO CYCLES AND THE NEED FOR DUAL CIRCULARITY

This study undertakes a systematic analysis of literature within Circular Economy (CE) in an industrial perspective, with a focus on understanding the consideration of the biological and technological cycles, as well as dual circularity. The paper articulates the key research differences, gaps and trends on the basis of publication evolution, key subject areas, influential journals and keywords co-occurrence mapping. The analysis shows the increasing publication trend with dominance of technological cycle and a wide variety of subject areas incorporated in CE biological, technological and dual cycles. Due to the multidisciplinary and transversal nature of CE, as well as its diverse interpretation and applications, an expansion and consolidation of the subject areas and journals are expected in the years to come. Analysis of co-occurrence on the authors' keywords underlined a limited focus of a business perspective research within the biological cycle, heterogeneous and proactive technological cycle but fragmented research on dual circularity. Further analysis of synergies and limitations is necessary to enhance business effectiveness towards enhanced sustainability.

Are Dried and Powdered Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Susceptible to Moths That Feed on Stored Products?

The leaves of Moringa oleifera are increasingly used as a food supplement in several countries due to their nutritional composition, which is rich in protein, vitamins, and mineral salts. Foodstuffs can be damaged by several pests when stored in environments with temperatures that are favorable to insect development; therefore, the susceptibility of M. oleifera leaves to attacks of moths that feed on stored products was tested. Tests were carried out on Pyralid Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, and Plodia interpunctella, as well as Geometrid Idaea inquinata, which were reared on dried whole or powdered M. oleifera leaves, an artificial diet, or an artificial diet supplemented with dried or powdered leaves. The numbers of adults and the development periods with the different diets were recorded. M. oleifera leaves were unsuitable as a rearing medium for all of the species except I. inquinata, although only a few individuals of this species reached the adult stage. The use of an artificial diet of which one-quarter consisted of dried and powdered leaves did not affect the number of progeny or on the biological cycle, showing that the effect was due to the nutritional composition, as well as to the toxic effect. The storage of M. oleifera as powdered leaves is recommended in order to preserve the nutritional characteristics and avoid damage caused by moth larvae.