scholarly journals Desigualdad en la distribución mundial de emisiones de CO2 por sectores: Descomposición y estudio de sensibilidad

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Lorena Remuzgo ◽  
José María Sarabia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Generalized Entropy ◽  
Main Contributor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Inequality

In this paper, inequality of global distribution of CO2 emissions by sector is studied across the regions considered by the UNDP in the year 2009. Firstly, the research is carried out using the Theil-Bourguignon inequality index which can be decomposed into the within-group  and  the  between-group  inequality  components.  The  greatest inequality in CO2 emissions by sector occurs in regions that are formed by poor or developing countries. The results show also that the within-group inequality component is the main contributor to the whole inequality value. Secondly, the study is completed using the family of Generalized Entropy indexes, where the within-group inequality component is the main contributor to the whole inequality value too.

International Child Welfare: Deconstructing UNICEF's Country Programmes

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan E. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
International Child ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions

There has been exhaustive scrutiny of the policies of the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations Population Fund. UNICEF, despite a prominent role in agenda setting for children's welfare in developing countries, has not been subject to comparable scrutiny. This paper argues that the Country Programmes promulgated by UNICEF to improve children's welfare reflect ethnocentric conceptualisations of the family. As a case study, Ghana's Country Programme 2001–2005 is considered in detail. Anthropological studies are adduced to highlight underlying ethnocentric assumptions around social organisation. The ramifications of these assumptions are then considered.

scholarly journals Family Poultry (FP) as a Tool for Improving Gender Equity and Women’s Empowerment in Developing Countries: Evidence from Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Soshe Ahmed ◽  
Maksuda Begum ◽  
Afia Khatun ◽  
Md. R Gofur ◽  
Md. TA Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Asset Accumulation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Training Services

The study assessed the integrated gender issues of family poultry production in developing countries with evidence in Bangladesh. The result draws attention to the widespread acknowledgment of the critical roles of gender in family poultry production system. The results show that women hold the maximum of the ownership (90.58%, p=0.0001) and responsible for the caring of (93.94%, p=0.0001) family poultry in Bangladesh, likewise other developing countries. The result reveals that women control over the decision-making for the selling of eggs and birds in Bangladesh. Women mostly (94.58%) hold the knowledge useful in the prevention and treatment of poultry illness; however, their role was found low (3.46%) in buying medicine and vaccines for poultry as compared to men (96.54%) in Bangladesh. The findings show that women were nearly two times more willing than men to adopt improved rearing technologies related to family poultry production. Both women and men are impacted indifferently by lower adoption of scientific poultry-keeping technologies. Women are independently facing more problems in access to knowledge, training, services, marketing systems, and financial services related to family poultry production. Despite having many limitations, it is clear that family poultry empowers women through asset accumulation and increasing their decision-making ability in the families and the broader community. The study also highlights the necessity of considering an engendered approach in policy and operational level for the family poultry development.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years in Urban Slums

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balakrishna Kalakheti ◽  
Kiran Panthee ◽  
Kastur Chand Jain
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
The Family ◽  
Diarrhea Prevalence ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Breast Fed

Introduction: Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and the condition is worse in slums. In order to provide effective preventive and management strategies, it is important to identify factors associated with the disease. This study was carried out to investigate the risk factors of diarrhea in  children under five years of age in urban slums.   Methods: Parents of all children under five years from the urban slums of Tansen municipality, Palpa, Nepal were interviewed using a standardized pretested questionnaire and proforma. Parental variables, environmental factors, and presence of diarrhea in those children in past three months were collected by trained enumerators and the data were analyzed with statistical software SPSS-10.   Results: A total of 450 under five years children were enrolled in the study. There were 216 (48%) male and 234 (52%) female children with F:M ratio of 1.08:1. Occurrence of diarrhea was lower if the children were breast-fed for more than six months, well-nourished, used fountain water for drinking, or used boiled or treated water. Similarly, diarrhea prevalence was lower if father had a regular job, daily income in the family was more than one US dollar, there was a toilet in the house, practice of hand washing was followed before feeding or preparing food, or there was no child suffering from diarrhea in the neighborhood.   Conclusion: There are a few variables that are significantly related to diarrhea in children under five years of age. In order to decrease the diarrheal episodes in children in the slums of the developing countries, priority could be given in the improvement of those variables.

Widespread polyploid forms off Lumbricillus lineatus (Müller) (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta): comments on polyploidism in the enchytraeids

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1727-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ecological Breadth ◽  
New Habitats

Studies of a small fresh collection of the marine intertidal enchytraeid oligochaete Lumbricillus lineatus (Müller) and taxonomic collections from 27 additional locations in Europe, Canada, and Australia reveal the presence of morphotypes corresponding to parthenogenetic autopolyploid forms, triploid, tetraploid, and pentaploid, of the species in all the regions represented by the collections. The extension of the range of these cytotypes from Europe to a virtually global distribution raises questions about the significance of parthenogenesis and polyploidism to their invasion of new habitats. Differences in reproduction rates and the ecological breadth of the different ploidy levels are not known. The geographical distribution and abundance of polyploids of L. lineatus, in themselves, do not provide conclusive evidence for the repeated origins of polyploids within the species, but strongly suggest that possibility. General theories link evolutionary polyploidy among animals with parthenogenesis, as seen in the polyploid forms of L. lineatus. However, polyploidism combined with out-crossing underlies the present taxonomic diversity of the family Enchytraeidae.

DEALING WITH CHINA'S FUTURE POPULATION DECLINE: A PROPOSAL FOR REPLACING LOW BIRTH RATES WITH SUSTAINABLE RATES

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIXIONG CAO ◽  
XIUQING WANG
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Future Population

SummaryDecreasing population levels due to declining birth rates are becoming a potentially serious social problem in developed and rapidly developing countries. China urgently needed to reduce birth rates so that its population would decline to a sustainable level, and the family planning policy designed to achieve this goal has largely succeeded. However, continuing to pursue this policy is leading to serious, unanticipated problems such as a shift in the country's population distribution towards the elderly and increasing difficulty supporting that elderly population. Social and political changes that promoted low birth rates and the lack of effective policies to encourage higher birth rates suggest that mitigating the consequences of the predicted population decline will depend on a revised approach based on achieving sustainable birth rates.

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