Horseshoe Orbits for Propulsion-Free Exploration of the Martian Moons

This study focuses on the rat activity in a hole–board setting that we considered a type of exploratory behavior. The general hypothesis is based on the claim that a motivational mechanism is central to both the response to novelty in a highly familiarized environment and the activity in the hole–board apparatus. Our sample consisted of 80 experimentally naive Lister Hooded rats. All rats were tested in the hole–board apparatus. Twenty individuals with the highest hole-board scores and twenty subjects with the lowest hole–board scores subsequently underwent an established free-exploration test. In our study, the scores obtained in the hole–board test had little predictive value for the rats’ activity in the free-exploration test. Based on our previous experience in studying exploratory behavior in the free-exploration test and the data presented in this paper, we suggest that the hole–board test is not an appropriate tool for measuring exploratory behavior in laboratory rodents.

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Scale free is not rare in international trade networks

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92764-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Linqing Liu ◽

Mengyun Shen ◽

Chang Tan

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Preferential Attachment ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Total Trade ◽

Trade Networks ◽

Scale Free ◽

Weighted Networks ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Technology Products ◽

Attachment Mechanism

AbstractFailing to consider the strong correlations between weights and topological properties in capacity-weighted networks renders test results on the scale-free property unreliable. According to the preferential attachment mechanism, existing high-degree nodes normally attract new nodes. However, in capacity-weighted networks, the weights of existing edges increase as the network grows. We propose an optimized simplification method and apply it to international trade networks. Our study covers more than 1200 product categories annually from 1995 to 2018. We find that, on average, 38%, 38% and 69% of product networks in export, import and total trade are scale-free. Furthermore, the scale-free characteristics differ depending on the technology. Counter to expectations, the exports of high-technology products are distributed worldwide rather than concentrated in a few developed countries. Our research extends the scale-free exploration of capacity-weighted networks and demonstrates that choosing appropriate filtering methods can clarify the properties of complex networks.

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The Influence of Exploration Mode, Orientation, and Configuration on the Haptic Müller-Lyer Illusion

Perception ◽

10.1068/p5269 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 1475-1500 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Morton A Heller ◽

Melissa McCarthy ◽

Jennifer Schultz ◽

Jayme Greene ◽

Melissa Shanley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Index Finger ◽

Spatial Position ◽

Lyer Illusion ◽

Free Exploration ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Practical Implications

We studied the impact of manner of exploration, orientation, spatial position, and configuration on the haptic Müller-Lyer illusion. Blindfolded sighted subjects felt raised-line Müller-Lyer and control stimuli. The stimuli were felt by tracing with the index finger, free exploration, grasping with the index finger and thumb, or by measuring with the use of any two or more fingers. For haptic judgments of extent a sliding tangible ruler was used. The illusion was present in all exploration conditions, with overestimation of the wings-out compared to wings-in stimuli. Tracing with the index finger reduced the magnitude of the illusion. However, tracing and grasping induced an overall underestimation of size. The illusion was greatly attenuated when stimuli were felt with the index fingers of both hands. Illusory misperception was not altered by the position in space of the Müller-Lyer stimuli. No effects of changes in the thickness of the line shaft were found, but there were effects of the length of the wing endings for the smaller, 5.1 cm stimuli. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

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Habituation Rate and Free Exploration Tempo in 4-Month-Old Infants

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502548300600103 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 37-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Marie-Germaine Pecheux ◽

Roger Lécuyer

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Style ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Individual Characteristic ◽

Information Processing Speed ◽

Habituation Rate ◽

Geometric Patterns ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Methodological Aspects ◽

Common Situation

If rate of habituation reflects information processing speed and is a stable individual characteristic, fast habituators should habituate relatively quickly to any stimulus, and slow habituators relatively slowly. Moreover, rate of habituation should be related to the baby's tendency to explore in any common situation. To examine these inferences, 24 four-month-old infants were habituated to four stimuli (two geometric patterns and two faces) successively, in two sessions, and observed in a free-exploration situation. The number of trials required to reach criterion in the habituation situations were not correlated, but total looking times to criterion were. Also, slow habituators stayed in the exploration situation for a relatively longer time and also explored a new toy for a longer time. Methodological aspects of habituation are discussed, and an interpretation of habituation sequences in terms of cognitive style is suggested.

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Guidance Method to Allow a User Free Exploration with a Photorealistic View in 3D Reconstructed Virtual Environments

Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-58697-7_25 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 347-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sho Iwasaki ◽

Takuji Narumi ◽

Tomohiro Tanikawa ◽

Michitaka Hirose

Keyword(s):

Virtual Environments ◽

Free Exploration

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Creative Music Strategies Based upon Poetry and the Language

journal for the education of the gifted ◽

10.1177/016235327800100105 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Michael E. Cleveland

Keyword(s):

Verbal Stimuli ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Musical Activity ◽

Creative Music ◽

Song Lyrics

Formal composition should not be a beginning creative musical activity, but should be preceded by freer, more divergent experiences with sound. Also, the concept of “composition” should be put aside in favor of that “organization of sounds.” Free exploration of sounds, using poetry or other means, may ultimately lead to the convergent skills required for formal composition. Five ways of using poetry and the language for creative experiences in music are discussed: 1. Inventing words for familiar songs 2. Writing song lyrics to a familiar melodic pattern 3. Adding sounds to an existing poem 4. Creating an original sound-piece from a poem 5. Improvising upon verbal stimuli

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Egocentric boundary vector tuning of the retrosplenial cortex

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aaz2322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. eaaz2322 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Andrew S. Alexander ◽

Lucas C. Carstensen ◽

James R. Hinman ◽

Florian Raudies ◽

G. William Chapman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Receptive Fields ◽

Retrosplenial Cortex ◽

Response Property ◽

Boundary Vector ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Multiple Structures ◽

Hippocampal Theta ◽

Self Motion ◽

Specific Orientation ◽

Allocentric Representations

The retrosplenial cortex is reciprocally connected with multiple structures implicated in spatial cognition, and damage to the region itself produces numerous spatial impairments. Here, we sought to characterize spatial correlates of neurons within the region during free exploration in two-dimensional environments. We report that a large percentage of retrosplenial cortex neurons have spatial receptive fields that are active when environmental boundaries are positioned at a specific orientation and distance relative to the animal itself. We demonstrate that this vector-based location signal is encoded in egocentric coordinates, is localized to the dysgranular retrosplenial subregion, is independent of self-motion, and is context invariant. Further, we identify a subpopulation of neurons with this response property that are synchronized with the hippocampal theta oscillation. Accordingly, the current work identifies a robust egocentric spatial code in retrosplenial cortex that can facilitate spatial coordinate system transformations and support the anchoring, generation, and utilization of allocentric representations.

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Anticipatory Activity of Motor Cortex in Relation to Rhythmic Whisking

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00945.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 1274-1277 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Wendy A. Friedman ◽

Lauren M. Jones ◽

Nathan P. Cramer ◽

Ernest E. Kwegyir-Afful ◽

H. Philip Zeigler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Central Pattern Generator ◽

Local Field ◽

Local Field Potentials ◽

Pattern Generator ◽

Field Potentials ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Free Exploration ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Anticipatory Activity

Rats characteristically generate stereotyped exploratory (5–12 Hz) whisker movements, which can also be adaptively modulated. Here we tested the hypothesis that the vibrissal representation in motor cortex (vMCx) initiates and modulates whisking by acting on a subcortical whisking central pattern generator (CPG). We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in vMCx of behaving Sprague-Dawley rats while monitoring whisking behavior through mystacial electromyograms (EMGs). Recordings were made during free exploration, under body restraint, or in a head-fixed animal. LFP activity increased significantly prior to the onset of a whisking epoch and ended prior to the epoch's termination. In addition, shifts in whisking kinematics within a whisk epoch were often reflected in changes in LFP activity. These data support the hypothesis that vMCx may initiate and modulate whisking behavior through its action on a subcortical CPG.

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