RUINS OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN THE DON VALLEY IN THE MINIATURES OF THE 16th CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 366-375
Author(s):  
А. В. Чернецов
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Don River ◽  
Ivan The Terrible

Статья посвящена двум миниатюрам XVI в. из Лицевого летописного свода Ивана Грозного. На них представлены изображения классических археологических памятников - городищ. Миниатюры находятся во Втором Остермановском томе Свода. Они иллюстрируют путешествие митрополита Пимена в 1389 г. по р. Дону. Первая миниатюра представляет руины древнерусского города Чюр-Михайлов; второй памятник имеет чужеземное название (Терклия). Он характеризуется в летописном тексте как «городище». Изображения двух мертвых городов являются маркерами, разделяющими заселенные регионы от пустынных. Городища на миниатюрах представлены схематично, тем не менее ясно показано наличие оборонительных стен и башен. The paper explores two miniatures of the 16th century from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible. They contain images of classical archaeological sites, i.e. fortified settlements. The miniatures are from Osterman Volume II of the Chronicle. They illustrate the pilgrimage of Metropolitan Pimen to Constantinople down the Don River in 1389. The first miniature features ruins of the Medieval Russia city of Chyur-Mikhailov; the second site has a foreign name (Terklia). The text of the Chronicle describes it as ‘fortified settlement’. This is an image of two dead cities used as markers separating inhabited regions from vacant lands. The miniatures show the fortified settlements schematically; still defensive walls and towers are clearly identifiable.

Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans

Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 315 (5809) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Anikovich ◽  
A. A. Sinitsyn ◽  
John F. Hoffecker ◽  
Vance T. Holliday ◽  
V. V. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating ◽  
Figurative Art ◽  
Early Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Don River

Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating and magnetic stratigraphy indicate Upper Paleolithic occupation—probably representing modern humans—at archaeological sites on the Don River in Russia 45,000 to 42,000 years ago. The oldest levels at Kostenki underlie a volcanic ash horizon identified as the Campanian Ignimbrite Y5 tephra that is dated elsewhere to about 40,000 years ago. The occupation layers contain bone and ivory artifacts, including possible figurative art, and fossil shells imported more than 500 kilometers. Thus, modern humans appeared on the central plain of Eastern Europe as early as anywhere else in northern Eurasia.

scholarly journals Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Knud Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Associate Professor ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Russian History ◽  
State University ◽  
10Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Controversial Problem ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
First Time ◽  
Death Of The Author

Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.

scholarly journals «ИЗОБРАЖАЯ ЖЕРТВУ»: ПАФОС ОБЛИЧЕНИЯ И МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО И АНДРЕЯ КУРБСКОГО

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Alexey Popovich
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
The Ideal

The article explores changes in the use of the categories of victim and sacrifice in political literary artefacts in the second half of the 16th century: namely, the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky and Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow. The study shows that the writers of this time used the literary topoi of victim in a fundamentally different way to earlier authors in medieval Russia. The article defines the main means of poetics and rhetoric in the works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky. The methods for updating the topos of victim for both authors are similar. Each of them desacralizes a high Christian idea and uses it and a topos for subjective and, as a rule, ideological purposes. Such changes are possible due to the mixing of earthly (profane) and heavenly (sacred) logic when dealing with the categories of victim and sacrifice, which is typical for this time. If, for Kurbsky, the people killed by the tsar are new martyrs, then for Ivan the Terrible, they are justly punished traitors. The tsar believes that subjects should be ready to sacrifice their lives for him. Kurbsky does not deny the necessity of willingness to sacrifice, but he consistently proves that the tsar’s personality does not correspond to Christian ideas about the ideal monarch, so he convinces the reader of the possibility of confronting the tsar. At the same time, both authors characterize themselves as a person affected by the actions of the other and use the literary topoi of victim.

scholarly journals Invasion of the Ryazan Land by Batu Khan in the 16th Century Miniatures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. Чернецов
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ivan The Terrible

Статья посвящена рассмотрению серии миниатюр Лицевого летописного свода Ивана Грозного – многотомного создания книжной культуры. Анализируемые миниатюры посвящены начальному этапу монголо-татарского нашествия на русские земли – завоеванию Рязанского княжества. Особенности композиций содержат дополнительную «сверхтекстовую» информацию об отношении книжников и миниатюристов XVI в. к изображаемым событиям. На миниатюрах изображены боевые эпизоды и полевые фортификационные сооружения. Подробно отражена история осады и взятия Старой Рязани. Сцены разрушений и разграбления древнерусских городов позволяют понять, какие потери в глазах потомков представлялись наиболее важными. The paper explores a series of miniatures from the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, which is a compilation of hand-written texts in many volumes. The miniatures analyzed depict the initial stage of the Tatar and Mongol invasion of Russian lands, i. e. the capture of the Ryazan principality. Specific features of the compositions contain additional ‘supertext’ information on 16th century scribes’ and miniature painters’ attitude to portrayed events. The miniatures feature combat episodes and field fortification constructions. The history of Staraya Ryazan siege and capture is presented in details. The scenes of destruction and sacking help understand what losses and damage, from the point of view of succeeding generations, were the most significant.

scholarly journals Image of Muslim characters by the author of «Kazan Chronicle»

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
Tat’yana F. Volkova ◽  
Yekaterina I. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
Century Literature

One of the features of ‟Kazan Chronicle” – the manuscript of the three hundred year history of relations between Russia and Kazan Khanate – is the unusual attitude of the author, a supporter of the policy of Ivan the Terrible, to the Kazan Tatars (the latter ones in some cases are portrayed sympathetically by him), is discussed in the article; examples of the destruction of literary etiquette in the ‟Chronicle” are given, the reasons for such descriptions, hidden in the biography of the unnamed author of ‟Kazan Chronicle”, are explained. Episodes about violation of the contract with the fugitive Crimean tsar Ulanus, about the stay of the latter at the borders of Russia, by Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow (Chapter 9), about treason of Kazan Khan Muhammad Amin against Ivan III the Great and about the further repentance of the former (Chapter 12), the perfidy of Shahghali, Khan of Kazan, who was Moscow's appointee, and killing by him of Chura, son of Naryk, Kazan nobleman who had saved him (Chapter 25), are discussed in the article in this aspect. In all those episodes of ‟Kazan Chronicle”, what is reflected is not only the circumstances of the personal sympathy towards Kazan Tatars from the side of the author of the ‟Chronicle”, who had lived for twenty years as a prisoner in Kazan, but also the destruction of literary etiquette, which was a trend characteristic of the 16th century literature.

scholarly journals Rituales altiplánicos y cuzqueños en Atacama, acuerdos i tensiones: el caso de Turi

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Carlos Aldunate del Solar
Keyword(s):  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Short Description ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Sites

Abstract/short description: The archaeological sites of Pukara de Turi and Likan lie at the Atacama Desert in the Autofagasta province, Chile. In both of those sites limited traces of "Altiplano" and Cuzquean influences can be found. At first, only Altiplano influences were present. Only during 16th century Inca influences have appeared, which is evidenced by the presence of Inca kallankas structures. Short description written by Michal Gilewski

scholarly journals Siberian Sherts of the 16th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Ivan The Terrible

The article focuses on the critical analysis of sources of the late 16th century – “shert’” letters, that were discovered by the author in the Russian archive of ancient acts. The author discusses the origins of these documents and the circumstances of their discovery in the Archive’s funds. The first discovered source is the shert’ of Khan Kuchum given to Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1571/72. Although this document was known in the first half of the 17th century, its original was considered lost. This paper presents a transcription of this shert’ letter, preserved in the collection of diplomatic correspondence. The second discovered source is “shert’ of Yermak” 1580 (1582). Different versions of this document are contained in the Esipov Chronicle, in the Pogodin Chronicle, as well as in a copy of the turn of the 18th – 19th century, as part of documents collected by A. F. Malinovsky. The last-mentioned version was published by V. I. Sergeev in 1976. This publication, however, has several inaccuracies. Comparison of publications and archival versions of sources showed, that over the years, researchers used defective editions, that had a bunch of incorrectness. In light of the fact, the need for further archival research aimed to discover the earlier existence of these valuable sources becomes apparent. The text of the documents is published in this article according to the simplified rules for publishing historical sources.

Sources on the Title Heraldry of the Tsardom of Muscovy of the 16th – the First Half of the 17th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 971-983
Author(s):  
Evgeniy V. Pchelov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Western European ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
Coats Of Arms ◽  
New System ◽  
Written Sources

The article is devoted to the analysis of sources containing information on the land heraldry of the Tsardom of Moscovy, which reflected territorial title of the Russian rulers. The historiography usually mentions 5–6 artefacts and pictorial sources with images of such coats of arms. In fact, the complex of these sources can be significantly expanded. The author has managed to collect information about ten artefacts, two visual and four written sources, which allow to follow the evolution of the title heraldry in pre-Petrine Russia starting from the 16th century. Furthermore, two seals descriptions containing information about land coats of arms remain unpublished. The analysis of sources leads to the following conclusions. The beginning of the Russian title heraldry dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It was probably connected with refining of his territorial titles after the Livonian War. The Great Seal of Ivan the Terrible (late 1570s) has a set of title seals with images, most of them quite simple. These emblems reflect mainly natural or economic features of specific lands. Some emblems are purely symbolic, some borrow directly from Western European heraldry. These title emblems (called seals prior to the 18th century) continued up to the Romanovs’ reign. For instance, the front of the seal of Ivan the Terrible became a source for title emblems reproduced on the armor of Pseudo-Demetrius I, which was made by Western European masters. They probably took their cue from an imprint of the front side of the seal sent with the order. Emblems from the reverse side of the seal were not reproduced on the armor. Under Mikhail Fyodorovich (apparently, in late 1620s) the complex of title emblems underwent its first significant transformation. Some emblems continued to the end of the 16th century, some were formed anew. The new system of title emblems translated into a description of seals made after the Moscow fire of 1626. This document is also yet unpublished. The reform of the title seals may have been associated with making of a new complex of royal regalia in late 1620s. The new seals appeared in the composition of the cover for tsar’s saadak (quiver), which, apparently, was made at the same time.

scholarly journals The Epistle of Cornelius, a Monk of the Snetogorsky Monastery

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-347
Author(s):  
Valentina I. Okhotnikova
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
State Library ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the problem of the dating and authorship of the Epistle of Cornelius, a monk of the Snetogorsky monastery, to his spiritual son, the priest Ivan, who decided to marry for a second time “for childbearing.” Nikolai I. Serebriansky dated the Epistle to the 1590s (this dating also was shared by subsequent researchers), based on the assertion that during the life of Ivan the Terrible, Cornelius would hardly have dared to write that tsars who violate the laws of the Church regarding the termination and conclusion of a second marriage would be punished by the birth of an heir who “will trample everything and will be an initiator of every evil deed.” The identification of the sources describing both the heir’s evil deeds and other parts of the text allows us to refine the dating of the Epistle. Cornelius finds arguments for the condemnation of his spiritual son’s decision to remarry not only in Scripture but also in contemporary hagiographic and publicistic works that date back to a period of time from the beginning of the 16th century to the 1540s: the Life of Euphrosynus of Pskov (the Story about Halleluiah), no later than 1510; the Epistle of Maximus the Greek to Fedor Karpov about Leviathan, dated between 1518 and 1525; the Epistle of Mark, patriarch of Jerusalem (from the Excerpt about the Second Marriage of Grand Prince Vasily III), from the 1540s. Such a concentration of works from a specific period of time suggests that the Epistle of Cornelius itself was written at about the same time. Most likely, the Cornelius who is identified as the author of the Epistle is the Cornelius listed as the former abbot of the Snetogorsky monastery in the 1562 record inscribed in the Gospel manuscript from the collection of the Russian State Library, f. 205, No. 29. Monk Cornelius could have written the Epistle no earlier than in 1525 and no later than in 1562, when he was no longer either a monk or the abbot of the Snetogorsky monastery.

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