Design of a Monitoring System for the identification of Gas Concentration in the district of Mi Perú – Callao, Perú

In recent years, the contamination of toxic gases in society is a very controversial problem because of the various consequences and effects they generate on health. There are several studies which highlight that the main polluting gases to the environment such as carbon monoxide, lead, cadmium, among others are the main causes of the increase in various acute diseases, such as pneumonia, or chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases or lung cancer. That is why, faced with this problem, this research work proposes a monitoring system that determines the concentration of toxic gases, in such a way that it can contribute as an informative medium which can be implemented in various focused points where high rates of pollution are concentrated. The system has a very efficient MQ 135 gas sensor which includes a reading of 5 to 600 ppm (parts per million) at 3m with a temperature of 25ºC. It should be noted that it is important to keep the sensor on 24 hours beforehand to obtain a correct reading. Thus, concluding that this system of toxic gases can be easily applied to society because it is economical and because it has a free software which will be responsible for informing through a web server the level of ppm that you want to analyze at a certain point. Keywords- Toxic Gases, Pollution, Gas Sensor, Environment, Air Quality

Physician Assistance in Dying: An Option for Christians?

Opposition to physician-assisted suicide is widespread in Christian ethics. However, on a topic as controversial as physician-assisted suicide, no one can reasonably speak for “the Christian” perspective. Natural-law and, specifically, just-war thinking are claimed in the Christian tradition, yet the natural-law contribution to a Christian ethical analysis of physician-assisted suicide requires explanation and defense. Natural-law ethical theory affirms the central role of reason in moral thinking and provides a theoretical resource in contemporary ethics to assist in analyzing specific moral issues, problems, and conflicts. This essay seeks to demonstrate how just-war thinking, derived from natural-law tradition, allows movement from the theoretical world of natural-law theory to the practical world of normative ethics. Here the case is made that the just-war model of ethics helps elucidate the moral problematic involved in physician-assisted suicide while clarifying direction on this particularly thorny and controversial problem.

THE PROBLEM OF BOUNDARIES OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

The article deals with a controversial problem of the philosophy of mind, known as the problem of cognitive boundaries. This problem is illustrated by the polemic between two actively debating philosophical positions – internalism, according to which mental states are localized in the brain, and externalism, which assumes that cognitive acts are not limited to our body. The author analyzes Andy Clark and David Chalmers’s theory of extended cognitive processes and the extended mind, which is fundamentally new for the modern philosophy of mind and has taken on relevance today. It is shown that this concept is based on the idea of subject’s activity, which has its roots in James Gibson’s “ecological psychology”, Francisco Varela’s idea of “embodied cognition” and Alva Noë’s theory of sensorimotor enactivism. The author comes to the conclusion that the theory of extended cognitive processes has a number of deficiencies, one of which is the dependence on external resources and tools. David Chalmers’s thesis that we should not try to neutralize the negative effects of such dependency, but rather try to adapt our practices to the changing ways of thinking is seen as the way out of this problem.

Taking the principle of the primacy of the human being seriously

This paper targets an orphan topic in research ethics, namely the so called principle of the primacy of the human being, which states that the interests of the human subject should always take precedence over the interests of science and society. Although the principle occupies the central position in the majority of international ethical and legal standards for biomedical research, it has been commented in the literature mainly in passing. With a few notable exceptions, there is little in-depth discussion about the meaning and role of the principle. Several authors note that the principle is vogue, ambiguous and apparently conflicting with the accepted practice of conducting non-beneficial research on individuals unable to give consent. There are opinions that it is just “a vacuous figure of speech” and should be abandoned. This paper argues that the primacy principle is far from being “a vacuous figure of speech”, rather it should be seen as a threefold concept: a fundamental interpretative rule, a procedural rule, and a substantive rule aimed at protecting research subjects from instrumental treatment and unacceptable risks. This interpretation tracks back to the principle regulatory and normative origins in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, but also acknowledges changes in research ethics and practice, which took place at the turn on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Thus, the proposed reading of the principle is not only original, but also historically grounded and normatively fruitful. It provides a fresh and ethically rich perspective on extensively debated, but still controversial problem of an upper limit of permissible risks in non-beneficial studies.

ANALISIS BERPIKIR KRITIS MAHASISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH KONTROVERSIAL MATEMATIKA

Berpikir kritis penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, karena dapat mengembangkan kemampuan untuk membuat keputusan dan menyelesaikan masalah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir kritis mahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan kontroversial. Proses berpikir kritis dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada (a) Identify, (b) Define, (c) Enumerate, (d) Analyze, (e) List dan (f) Self-Correct. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Instrumen penelitian terdiri dari peneliti, lembar kerja, hasil kerja mahasiswa dan hasil wawancara. Penelitian ini melibatkan 40 mahasiswa calon guru semester 6 ( 43% ) dan semester 8 (57%) di jurusan matematika di kota malang. Analisis data dilakukan melalui : (1) Reduksi dari data tes dan hasil wawancara ,(2) Analisis dari data hasil tes dan wawancara dan (3) menyajikannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses berpikir kritis dalam menyelesaikan masalah kontroversial melalui lima tahapan yaitu: Identify, Define, Enumerate, Analyze dan List serta Self-Correct. Hal ini menunjukkan terdapat penggabungan proses analyze dan list pada subjek penelitian saat menyelesaikan permasalahan kontroversial. Penguatan argumentasi muncul pada bagian enumerate, analisis dan list. Saran untuk peneliti berikutnya adalah diperlukan studi tentang kemungkinan penggabungan proses berpikir kritis. Selain itu kelemahan pada tahap analisis bisa menjadi referensi untuk dapat menggunakan metode lain untuk meningkatkan berpikir kritisnya. Kata kunci: Berpikir Kritis, Pemecahan Masalah, Masalah Matematika Kontroversial Abstract: Critical thinking is essential in everyday life because it can develop the ability to make decisions and solve problems. The purpose of this study was to describe the critical thinking process of students in solving controversial problems. The critical thinking process in this study refers to (a) Identify, (b) Define, (c) Enumerate, (d) Analyze, (e) List, and (f) Self-Correct. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The research instrument consisted of researchers, worksheets, student work results, and interviews. This study involved 40 student-teacher candidates in the 6th semester (43%) and 8th semester (57%) in the mathematics department in Malang. Data analysis was carried out through (1) reduction of test data and interview results, (2) analysis of test and interview data, and (3) presenting them. The results showed that the critical thinking process in solving controversial problems through five stages, namely: Identify, Define, Enumerate, Analyze, and List and Self-Correct. This shows that there is a combination of the analysis and list processes in research subjects when solving controversial problems. Argument reinforcement appears in the enumerate, analysis, and list sections. The suggestion for the next researchers is that studies on the possibility of incorporating critical thinking processes are needed. Besides that, the weaknesses in the analysis stage can be a reference to be able to use other methods to improve critical thinking. Keywords: Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, Controversial Problem

TRAINING OF FOREIGN STUDENTS OF THE PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN CONTEXT OF UNIVERSAL DISTANCE LEARNING

Objective of the article is to identify trends in the field of education in higher education in modern conditions, to characterize the applied methods of using the preparatory department in teaching foreign students. Applied methods : The use of information and communication methods makes it possible to carry out the educational process in a distance format and to carry out the effectiveness of their application. The u-learning concept offers a wide variety of tools and means, thus offering the most appropriate way in the learning process. Results . The effectiveness of educational technologies used in teaching, such as the availability, structuredness of information for the purpose of its determinism and visualization, has been developed. The analysis of progress is carried out on the example of foreign students of the preparatory department in the discipline of Information Technologies. Application of various forms of technology to improve student achievement. Conclusions . The article deals with a complex and controversial problem of the educational process in the context of a general transition to distance learning. The new reality requires awareness of both new conditions and the teaching methods themselves. The use of social networks within the framework of the teacher's choice of forms of education and their adaptation for a specific training course ensures purposefulness, orderliness and efficiency of the educational process.

Attitude as an Expressible Info-Operational Reaction to a Perceived/Purposed Object/Objective

The definition of the psychological concept of attitude is still a controversial problem, and the scholars have not yet reached a consensus on this important issue. The attitude is defined in various ways, as a mental and emotional “construct” not directly detectable, or as a “psychological tendency expressed by evaluating a particular entity”. However, as attitude is an achievement of the mind during the exploration of reality, it is naturally to approach first of all the nature of mind and the relation with the cognition processes from the informational perspective. Therefore, in this paper it is investigated the concept of attitude from a completely new point of view, starting from the informational nature of consciousness. It is shown that the informational structure of consciousness can be fully described by the activity of seven distinct cognitive centers and the attitude can be defined actually as an informational reactive output with respect to an object/objective either perceived or mentally proposed. The attitude is thus the result of a decisional info-processing of an input internal or external information, expressible by the specific informational center managed by the brain associated with this activity, defined suggestively as I want. It is shown that attitude is consequently a function of all other six centers, which intervene in the decisional process as decisional criteria or as priority contributing components, and these centers can become dominant or inactive. In agreement with some previous studies and with the neuro-connections of specific regions of the brain, it is shown that emotions contribute to attitude, but also the personal state, the inherited predispositions, the social interactions, the life experience and the trust in the objective, if this is a proposed project. Associated with the attitude, behavior is different, depending on all cognitive centers.

EVALUATION OF THE GENERAL ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE URBAN PUBLIC SPACE ACCORDING TO MANY CRITERIA

Cities are constantly changing – new and existing facilities are created and reconstructed, existing ones are modernized, and new territories are developed, and, accordingly, public spaces are formed and develop in a certain way. To a large extent, this process is random and does not take place systematically, but this rather happens as a response to the urgent economic, environmental, social or other needs of city residents. Development management in the urban planning system is designed to solve the controversial problem of maintaining integrity and at the same time striving for its transformation. The use of the tools of mathematical modeling, considered in the article, allows one to solve the problems of spatial development of a city and its public spaces in a purposeful way, and to coordinate such a solution with the interests of stakeholders. When forming public spaces of a city one faces the task of streamlining competing development projects (alternative projects) for a particular area of ​​a city, taking into account the importance of their impact on the establishment of a distinctive image of the city and ensuring quality of life of its residents. To solve this problem, it is advisable to use methods of expert evaluation of design decisions, in particular, methods of ranking, valuating, and folding vector-valued criterion into a scalar criterion (integrated indicator of project weight). Ranking means assignment of a certain rank (a number from the natural series) to every project. The most important project is given the highest rank, which corresponds to number "one". The sum of the ranks given by all experts to a particular project can be considered as a generalized value of its weight. The article considers approaches to the assessment of urban public spaces on the basis of various criteria, namely urban, social, economic, environmental ones. The developed models of public space planning are designed for making a reasonable choice from a set of alternative projects subject to implementation, either according to the dominant criterion or according to many criteria in the conditions of resource constraints.

Fragmentation and percolation thresholds in the degradation process of alpine meadow in the Three-River Headwaters region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Understanding the process and mechanisms of alpine meadow degradation is crucial for restoration and management in the Three-River Headwaters region, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. However, little is known about this complex and controversial problem because identification and quantification of the underlying causes is difficult. This research aimed to build a spatiotemporal dynamical model for alpine meadow degradation, capturing the natural process of erosion at the interface of barren patches and undamaged meadow. The model clarified the role of barren patches and meadow connectivity in degradation, and identified the ecological mechanisms and processes accounting for the spatial and temporal pattern of degradation. A fragmentation and percolation threshold exists in the process of meadow degradation, independent of spatial scale. An impulsive differential equation was used to investigate the consequence of periodic restoration of degraded meadow. Both the level of meadow degradation and the restoration period play crucial roles in determining whether the meadow can be successfully restored. This research has demonstrated theoretically that the effectiveness of meadow restoration by periodic effort depends on the degree of degradation.