scholarly journals Oral Manifestations of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Kanaparthi Alekhya ◽  
Srikar Muppirala
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cobalamin Deficiency ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin is a water soluble vitamin. It is critical for normal functioning of the red blood cell formation and nervous system. It is a complex vitamin and it’s deficiency is known to be one of the commonest deficiency in Indian population particularly in elderly and in vegans as it requires castles intrinsic factor released by parietal cells in the stomach for its absorption.  Vitamin B12 deficiency may also result from pernicious anemia, gastrectomy & intestinal malabsorption. It is often overlooked and may cause several oral, haematological, gastrointestinal, psychiatric and neurological manifestations. As it affects the oral mucosal tissues, early diagnosis of the manifestations may aid in diagnosing the underlying cause even before haematological examination. Hence, oral physicians should be vigilant enough to identify signs or symptoms of suspected vitamin deficiency in populations at risk. Early diagnosis is crucial for starting replacement therapy to avoid irreversible neurological damage. This article reviews the various oral manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency and its management.

scholarly journals Methylcobalamine (Vitamin B12): Water Soluble Vitamin with Various Pharmacological Aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137
Author(s):  
Roopesh Kumar Yadav ◽  
Sudhanshu Mishra ◽  
Deepti Jain
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pernicious Anemia ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Pernicious Anaemia ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Water Soluble Vitamin ◽  
B12 Deficiency

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the brain's proper functioning and nervous system, in blood flow, and in reducing weakness and tiredness. In their food, most people get adequate vitamin B12, but in some health conditions (e.g. inadequate sleep, stomach/intestinal disorders, inflammation, cancer), there could be a shortage. If left unchecked, severe Vitamin B12 deficiency results in anemia and nerve damage. Vitamin B12 deficiency is typically treated using parenteral and oral dosage formulations, but absorption and compliance problems are involved with these routes of administration. Most significantly, the function of this missing intrinsic factor has been shown to assist in vitamin B12 absorption and a deficiency known as pernicious anaemia. Vitamin B12 is only partially absorbed when delivered by mouth to patients with pernicious anemia, but hematologically re-absorbed in patients with pernicious anemia. Parenteral administration of the extrinsic element will treat pernicious anaemia satisfactorily. There are several roles and advantages of vitamin B 12 in the human body with therapeutic effects also. Keywords: Water Soluble Vitamins, Methylcobalamine, Vitamin B12, Pernicious Anaemia.

Homologous G776G Variant of Transcobalamin-II Gene is Linked to Vitamin B12 Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Al-Batayneh ◽  
Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi ◽  
Bahaa Al-Trad ◽  
Emad Hussein ◽  
Wesam Al Khateeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Megaloblastic Anemia ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Intermediate Phenotype ◽  
Cobalamin Deficiency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Jordanian Population ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Transcobalamin Ii

Abstract. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency, due to improper internalization of cobalamin, is a metabolic disorder prevalent in impoverished and elderly populations and is associated with megaloblastic anemia and dementia. It has been suggested that mutations in transcobalamin II ( TCN2) or gastric intrinsic factor (GIF) proteins can alter their binding efficiency to cobalamin or reduce the ability of their receptors to internalize them. In this case-control study, the correlation between vitamin B12 deficiency and alternative alleles of TCN2 and GIF was investigated in a Jordanian population. One hundred individuals with vitamin B12 deficiency (B12 < 200 mg/mL) were enrolled in our study to evaluate the TCN2 and GIF polymorphisms. The control group (B12 > 200 mg/mL) included 100 individuals. Our results indicated a significant association between the homologous variant of the TCN2 gene (G776G) and vitamin B12 deficiency, and an intermediate phenotype in heterozygous individuals ( p < 0.001, OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 2.95 to 10.63). The GIF gene, however, showed no correlation between the A68G variant and vitamin B12 deficiency ( p = 0.2). This study expounds the association of TCN2 polymorphism with cobalamin levels in a Jordanian population and highlights the necessity of further studies to elucidate the molecular basis and impact of TCN2 and GIF genes polymorphisms on vitamin B12 deficiency and associated disorders.

scholarly journals Perspective: Practical Approach to Preventing Subclinical B12 Deficiency in Elderly Population

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1913
Author(s):  
Alessandra Vincenti ◽  
Laura Bertuzzo ◽  
Antonio Limitone ◽  
Giuseppe D’Antona ◽  
Hellas Cena
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Water Soluble Vitamin ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Inadequate Dietary Intake

Vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a pivotal role for several physiologic functions during one’s lifespan. Only certain microorganisms are able to synthetize B12, thus humans obtain cobalamin exclusively from their diet, specifically from animal-derived foods. Specific sub-group populations are at risk of vitamin B12 subclinical deficiency due to different factors including poor intake of animal source foods and age-dependent decrease in the capacity of intestinal B12 uptake. Consumption of animal products produces some negative health issues and negatively impacts sustainability while a plant-based diet increases the risk of B12 deficiency. Taking a cue from the aforementioned considerations, this narrative review aims to summarize facts about B12 deficiency and the burden of inadequate dietary intake in elderly population, as well as to discuss sustainable approaches to vitamin B12 deficiency in aging population.

scholarly journals The Level of Serum Pepsinogen in Diagnosing and Evaluating the Severity of Subacute Combined Degeneration Due to Vitamin B12 Deficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Chen ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
Xusheng Huang ◽  
Fei Yang ◽  
Shengyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Cobalamin Deficiency ◽  
Serum Pepsinogen ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Subacute Combined Degeneration ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis

Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) is a neurological complication of cobalamin deficiency, which is usually caused by chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Serum pepsinogen 1 and the ratio of pepsinogen 1/pepsinogen 2 (PG1/2) can reflect the severity of gastric atrophy.Objective: This work aims to investigate whether decreased serum PG1 and PG1/2 ratio are helpful in diagnosing SCD and reflecting the severity of SCD.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and laboratory tests of 65 cases of SCD due to vitamin B12 deficiency and compared the laboratory parameters of SCD with 65 age- and sex-matched amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients.Results: PG1 and PG1/2 ratio were decreased in 80 and 52.3% of SCD patients, respectively. Compared to patients with PG1/2 ratio ≥3.0, patients with PG1/2 ratio &lt;3.0 had more severe anemia, larger mean corpuscular volume (MCV), lower level of vitamin B12, higher folate and homocysteine (Hcy), more severe changes in somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), and higher rate of lesions in spinal MRI (P &lt; 0.05). PG1 and PG1/2 ratio had inverse correlation with MCV and N20 latency in SEP examination (P &lt; 0.05). PG1/2 ratio, RBC count, and Hcy were independent risk factors for SCD in logistic regression analyses. The ROC curve analysis revealed that the diagnostic accuracy of PG1 and PG1/2 ratio was 72.2 and 73.0%, respectively, while the cutoff values were 22.4 ng/ml and 2.43 for SCD, respectively.Conclusions: Decreased PG1 and PG1/2 ratio are helpful for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of SCD due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

scholarly journals Vitamin B12 deficiency: metabolic effects, clinical evaluation, and treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Synara Cavalcante Lopes ◽  
Daniel Duarte Gadelha ◽  
Manuela Dias de Carvalho ◽  
Virgínia Oliveira Fernandes ◽  
Renan Magalhães Montenegro Junior
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Composition Changes

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble essential micronutrient, required by all the body cells. Its deficiency has been implicated not only in hematological and neurological disorders, but also in many metabolic processes, such as insulin resistance and body composition changes, which have aroused particular interest in recent years. This study reviews the physiology of vitamin B12 from its digestion and absorption to its distribution in tissues, metabolic effects and controversies regarding the diagnosis of deficiency, and to dietary and pharmacological treatments.

Recognition and management of vitamin B12 deficiency: Report of four cases with oral manifestations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weslay Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
André Azevedo dos Santos ◽  
Mariana Carvalho Xerez ◽  
Everton Freitas Morais ◽  
Patrícia Teixeira Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
B12 Deficiency

scholarly journals Biological function of cobalamin: causes and effects of hypocobalaminemia at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism level

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 443-451
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Rzepka ◽  
Mateusz Maszczyk ◽  
Dorota Wrześniok
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Megaloblastic Anemia ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cobalamin Deficiency ◽  
Loss Of Function

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a complex compound, which is classified as a water-soluble vitamin. Absorption of cobalamin in the gut and its transport to cells is a unique process, in which many proteins are involved. The loss of function of these proteins causes serious cell homeostasis disturbance, which may result in the dysfunction of many tissues and organs. Vitamin B12, a cofactor of methionine synthase, provides methylation process and nucleic acid synthesis. Cobalamin is also necessary for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. The enzyme synthesizes succinyl-CoA, an intermediate in tricarboxylic acid cycle. Vitamin B12 deficiency is an important and current health problem. It may be caused by insufficient dietary intake, age, or disease-related malabsorption and genetic defects of mechanisms involved in the absorption, transport and metabolism of cobalamin. Hypocobalaminemia can also result from long-term pharmacotherapy with medicines: metformin, proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole) and H2-receptor antagonists (e.g. ranitidine). Significant clinical symptoms of cobalamin deficiency include hematological abnormalities, mainly megaloblastic anemia, as well as neurological disorders resulting from degeneration within the nervous system. Early diagnosis and starting treatment with vitamin B12 increase chances for a complete cure. Therefore, the diagnostically important symptom of hypocobalaminemia may be skin manifestations, mainly hyperpigmentations, but also premature graying of hair. The aim of this review article was to summarize the current state of knowledge on the biological function of cobalamin, as well as the causes and consequences of its deficiency at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism level.

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