Synthesis of Hydrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile Fiber and Behaviors of Copper Adsorption in Batch Mode and Continuous Flow Mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-360
Author(s):  
Ga-Yeon Park ◽  
Jee-June Song ◽  
Choon-Ki Na
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Polyacrylonitrile Fiber ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Copper Adsorption ◽  
And Behaviors

Different Types of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Systems for Simultaneous Electricity Generation and Pollutant Removal

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Zain ◽  
N. L. Ching ◽  
S. Jusoh ◽  
S. Y. Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between the rate of electricity generation and the rate of carbon and nitrogen removal from wastewater using different MFC processes.  Determining whether the generation of electricity using MFC process could be related to the rate of pollutant removal from wastewater is noteworthy. Three types of MFC process configurations include the batch mode (SS), a continuous flow of influent with ferricyanide (PF) as the oxidizing agent and a continuous flow of influent with oxygen (PU) as the oxidizing agent. The highest quantity of electricity generation was achieved using the continuous flow mode with ferricyanide (0.833 V), followed by the continuous flow mode with oxygen (0.589 V) and the batch mode (0.352 V). The highest efficiency of carbon removal is also achieved by the continuous flow mode with ferricyanide (87%), followed by the continuous flow mode with oxygen (51%) and the batch mode (46%). Moreover, the continuous flow mode with ferricyanide produced the highest efficiency for nitrogen removal (63%), followed by the continuous flow mode with oxygen (54%) and the batch mode (27%).

scholarly journals Removal of phenols-like substances in pharmaceutical wastewater with fungal bioreactors by adding Trametes versicolor

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bernats ◽  
T. Juhna
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fungal Enzymes

Abstract Fungi are known to be more resistant to toxic compounds and more effective in removing recalcitrant organics such as phenols than bacteria. Here we examined the removal of phenols (as a component of Zopliclone drugs), added to non-sterile pharmaceutical wastewater with continuous treatment fungal bioreactor by its augmentation with mono-species of white-rot fungi (WRF) Trametes versicolor. Results showed that WRF in a sterile reactor (a batch mode) were moderately effective for removal of phenols (40% in seven days); however, native wastewater microbes at optimal conditions for fungi (pH 5.5, 25 °C) were more effective (90%, both in batch and continuous flow modes). In continuous flow mode, addition of WRF was an effective way to mitigate high loads of phenols (up to 400 mg/L), by both fungal enzymes (growth rate 0.075 h−1, laccase enzymatic activity 4 nkat/mL) and biosorption. The study confirmed that naturaly occuring fungi in combination with fungus-augmentation is an effective approach for treatment of high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater.

scholarly journals Biocatalysis in continuous-flow mode: A case-study in the enzymatic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols via acylation and deacylation reactions mediated by Novozym 435®

Biocatalysis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Christina Thomas ◽  
Martha Daniela Burich ◽  
Pamela Taisline Bandeira ◽  
Alfredo Ricardo Marques de Oliveira ◽  
Leandro Piovan
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution

AbstractEnzymatic kinetic resolution reactions are a well-established way to achieve optically active compounds. When enzymatic reactions are combined to continuous-flow methodologies, other benefits are added, including reproducibility, optimized energy use, minimized waste generation, among others. In this context, we herein report a case study involving lipase-mediated transesterification by acylation and deacylation reactions of secondary alcohols/esters in batch and continuous-flow modes. Acylation reactions were performed with high values of enantiomeric excess (72 up to >99%) and enantioselectivity (E > 200) for both batch and continuous-flow modes. On the other hand, for deacylation reactions using n-butanol as nucleophile, enatiomeric excess ranged between 38 to >99% and E from 6 to >200 were observed for batch mode. For deacylation reactions in continuous-flow mode, results were disappointing, as in some cases, very low or no conversion was observed. Enantiomeric excess ranged from 16 to >99% and enantioselectivity from 5 to >200 were observed. In terms of productivity, continuous-flow mode reactions were superior in both strategies (acylation: r from 1.1 up to 18.1-fold higher, deacylation: 2.8 up to 7.4- fold higher in continuous-flow than in batch mode).

scholarly journals Tailored sol–gel immobilized lipase preparates for the enzymatic kinetic resolution of heteroaromatic alcohols in batch and continuous flow systems

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (83) ◽  
pp. 52977-52987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina Elena Moisă ◽  
Cristina Georgiana Spelmezan ◽  
Cristina Paul ◽  
Judith Hajnal Bartha-Vári ◽  
László Csaba Bencze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Immobilized Lipases ◽  
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

The EKR of some heteroaromatic secondary ethanols with tailored sol–gel immobilized lipases in batch and continuous-flow reactors was studied. The productivity in continuous-flow mode is higher than in batch mode.

Size controlled synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals in a continuous-flow mode microcapillary reactor

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. He ◽  
B. Xie ◽  
F. Q. Song ◽  
C. H. Xu ◽  
J. F. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Semiconductor Nanocrystals ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Controlled Synthesis ◽  
Size Controlled

Optimized Large Scale Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides on PS-PEG Supports

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Michael Gerster ◽  
Martin Maier ◽  
Nils Clausen ◽  
Jens Schewitz ◽  
Ernst Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Crucial Step ◽  
Capillary Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phosphoramidite Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale Synthesis

Sulphurization is a crucial step during synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Insufficient reaction leads to inhomogeneous products with phosphodiester defects and subsequently to destabilization of the oligomers in biological media. To achieve a maximum extent of sulphur incorporation, various sulphurizing agents have been investigated. Solely, the use of Beaucage reagent provided satisfactory results on PS-PEG supports. Based on our investigations in small scale synthesis (1 μmol) with continuous-flow technique, upscaling to the 0.1-0.25 mmolar range has been achieved using a peptide synthesizer. The syntheses were performed in batch mode with standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Additionally, large scale synthesis of a phosphodiester oligonucleotide has been carried out on PS-PEG with optimized protocols and compared to small scale synthesis on different supports. Products were analysed by 31P NMR, capillary gel electrophoresis and electrospray mass spectrometry. An extent of sulphurization of 99% and coupling effiencies of more than 99% were obtained and the products proved to have similar purity compared to small scale syntheses on CPG

Degradation of chlorophenols by biofilms on semi-permeable membranes in two types of fixed bed reactors

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wobus ◽  
S. Ulrich ◽  
I. Röske
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactors ◽  
Protozoan Community

Two identical fixed bed reactors containing gas-permeable tubings as carrier material were compared for the elimination of chlorophenols. Under plug flow conditions, the continuous flow operation resulted in a stratification of biomass due to concentration gradients. To achieve a homogeneous colonization, the sequencing batch mode has been applicated to one biofilm reactor (Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor - SBBR). Concentration gradients after filling, probably due to sorption phenomena, caused an uneven distribution of biomass in the SBBR. However, the colonization of the SBBR was more homogeneous as compared to the continuously operated reactor (CFBR). As to the elimination of a trichlorophenol (2,4,5-trichlorophenol - TCP), no significant differences between the SBBR and the CFBR were observed with regard to its sensitivity against load surges. It is to be supposed that sorption to the biofilm was included in the elimination of chlorophenols. A higher diversity of protozoan community and meiofauna is obviously to be attributed to continuous flow.

Use of iron ore tailing from tailing dam as catalyst in a fenton-like process for methylene blue oxidation in continuous flow mode

Chemosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Augusto Araújo de Freitas ◽  
Samuel Moura Breder ◽  
Flávia Paulucci Cianga Silvas ◽  
Patrícia Radino Rouse ◽  
Luiz Carlos Alves de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Tailing Dam ◽  
Iron Ore Tailing

Tube-In-Tube Reactor as a Useful Tool for Homo- and Heterogeneous Olefin Metathesis under Continuous Flow Mode

ChemSusChem ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Skowerski ◽  
Stefan J. Czarnocki ◽  
Paweł Knapkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Olefin Metathesis ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Tube Reactor

scholarly journals A Steady State Continuous Flow Chamber for the Study of Daytime and Night time Chemistry under Atmospherically Relevant NO levels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
John Ortega ◽  
Yuanlong Huang ◽  
Stephen Shertz ◽  
Geoffrey S. Tyndall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flow Chamber ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Atmospheric Processes

Abstract. Experiments performed in laboratory chambers have contributed significantly to the understanding of the fundamental kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere. Two chemical regimes, classified as high-NO versus zero-NO conditions, have been extensively studied in previous chamber experiments. Results derived from these two chemical scenarios are widely parameterized in chemical transport models to represent key atmospheric processes in urban and pristine environments. As the anthropogenic NOx emissions in the United States have decreased remarkably in the past few decades, the classic high-NO and zero-NO conditions are no longer applicable to many regions that are constantly impacted by both polluted and background air masses. We present here the development and characterization of the NCAR Atmospheric Simulation Chamber, which is operated in steady state continuous flow mode for the study of atmospheric chemistry under intermediate NO conditions. This particular chemical regime is characterized by constant sub-ppb levels of NO and can be created in the chamber by precise control of the inflow NO concentration and the ratio of chamber mixing to residence timescales. Over the range of conditions achievable in the chamber, the lifetime of peroxy radicals (RO2), a key intermediate from the atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can be extended to several minutes, and a diverse array of reaction pathways, including unimolecular pathways and bimolecular reactions with NO and HO2, can thus be explored. Characterization experiments under photolytic and dark conditions were performed and, in conjunction with model predictions, provide a basis for interpretation of prevailing atmospheric processes in environments with intertwined biogenic and anthropogenic activities. We demonstrate the proof of concept of the steady state continuous flow chamber operation through measurements of major first-generation products, methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), from OH- and NO3-initiated oxidation of isoprene.

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