scholarly journals Answer Selection Process and Error Detection when Solving Simple Cognitive Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
V. A. Kovaleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Normal Intelligence ◽  
Factors Influencing

The study is aimed at examining the process of erroneous and correct answers when solving simple cognitive tasks of the same type in the group of adolescents with normal intelligence and those with mild mental deficiency. To study the nature of making errors the author studied factors influencing the process of answer selection, such as conditions of stimulus presentation, stimuli categorical congruence, and unconscious error detection markers of various kinds. The study revealed that if adolescents with normal intelligence make mistakes they do it trying to do the task quickly, while adolescents with mild mental deficiency make mistakes because of the task difficulty and demonstrate a low level of mindfulness of making a mistake, and slow-up adjustment process after a correct answer. Depending on whether there being or not being mental deficiency, certain differences in the process of error detection and the influence of conditions of stimulus presentation were detected.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Intention to Work while Ill: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1030
Author(s):  
Hanizah Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Hanani Nabilah Mohd Sobri ◽  
Vevya Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Facilitators And Barriers ◽  
Initial Knowledge

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to identify factors influencing workers' intention to work while ill, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a theoretical framework. Methods: A systematic search of articles was carried out from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Eligibility of each article was assessed using PRISMA guidelines. Overall, 22 articles met the inclusion criteria after the selection process and were included in this review. Results: The factors fit into 3 constructs: (1) attitude (good and bad consequences of working while ill), (2) subjective norms (descriptive and injunctive norms on working while ill), and (3) perceived behavioral control (facilitators and barriers of working while ill). Conclusions: The TPB is a practical theory to conceptualize and understand the factors influencing workers' intention to work while ill. These findings provide initial knowledge on the development of a framework to measure workers' intention to work while ill and to propose appropriate interventions for workers with chronic illness.

scholarly journals Trust your Abilities More than the Stereotype: Effect of Gender-stereotype Threat and Task Difficulty on Word Production, Clustering, and Switching in Letter Fluency

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Wulandari Wulandari ◽  
Donny Hendrawan
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Undergraduate Men ◽  
And Task

Gender-stereotype threat consistently accounts for underperformance phenomena experienced by women on male-stereotyped cognitive tasks. However, only a few studies have examined how the threat is affecting performance on female-stereotyped cognitive tasks, such as letter fluency. The present study examined whether variations in the cues to activate stereotype threat and the level of task difficulty would affect the letter fluency performance of undergraduate men and women (<em>n</em> = 168) and the underlying cognitive processes of this performance (i.e., switching, clustering). The results indicated participants held beliefs about women&rsquo;s superiority in this task. However, threat-activation cues did not affect production of correct words, errors, clustering, or switching in men and women. Task difficulty affected the number of correct words, yet it did not interact with the stereotype threat-activation cues. Finally, participants&rsquo; actual performance was related to their self-rating perception about their ability instead of the stereotyping they perceived. The effect of self-efficacy, educational level, and individuals&rsquo; susceptibilities should be taken into account when studying the effects of stereotype threat.

A NOTE ON SPEECH RETARDATION IN MENTAL DEFICIENCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Spencer F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Child ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Normal Intelligence ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
High Degree

THE DIAGNOSIS of retarded speech development in a preschool child is often a difficult problem, and many cases can be adequately evaluated only after extensive neurological, psychological, otological, and other examinations. Frequently the history will yield sufficient information to enable one to assign the cause of the retarded speech with a high degree of accuracy, although every presumptive diagnosis should be confirmed by appropriate examinations. In the study of a large number of children with delayed speech, a curious item has frequently appeared in the histories. It was often discovered that the child began to use single words at approximately the average age normal age, namely about 12 months. These words are usually few—3 to 6 or 8. They are not used often but occur at variable intervals over a period of a few weeks to 6 or more months. Then these words disappear the child is not heard to use them again, and other words do not take their place. It must be pointed out that this is not a cessation of speech after a normal beginning. The words which the child uses do not emerge from a large amount of babbling. They come suddenly and unpredictably. Yet they are phonetic combinations which are used consistently—if sparingly—to refer to the same person or object. In all instances in which such a history has been found, it has been the author's experience that the child in question is significantly mentally retarded. Conversely, such a pattern has not been found in any child of normal intelligence whose speech retardation is on another basis.

Measuring Perceived Task Difficulty Using Magnitude Estimation: A Demonstration and Replication

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
Sabina Alteras-Webb ◽  
Debra K. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Zip Code

The proliferation of sedentary, more cognitively demanding computer-mediated work, calls attention to the need for methods to measure mental work load. The present research describes two experiments in which participants performed a machine paced task of entering five and/or nine digit zip codes into a computer. The zip code data was presented on a computer screen for twelve four minute trials where the rate of zip code presentation varied from trial to trial. Using the psychophysical scaling method of magnitude estimation, participants made a judgment of task difficulty after each trial period. In Experiment 1, four females participated in a repeated measures within-subjects design performing each digit task condition for five consecutive days. In Experiment 2, a between-subjects design was adopted where 42 females performed either the five or the nine digit data-entry for only one testing session. Regression analyses using the independent variable of stimulus presentation rate and the dependent variable of judgments of perceived difficulty resulted in R2s of .90 or better for both digit conditions in both experiments. T-tests were conducted to see if different task parameters would affect difficulty judgments; these were statistically significant to the .001 level in both experiments. The results support the notion that magnitude estimation is a reliable method for scaling subjective perceptions of difficulty, which may be an important component of mental workload.

Temporal Oscillations in Human Perception

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Discrete Processing ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Continuous Accumulation

The notion that human perceptual decisions are based on discrete processing cycles rather than a continuous accumulation of information was examined experimentally. Significant periodicities were found in human response times (RT) to feature and conjunction discrimination tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. Individual RT histograms were multimodal, with regularly spaced peaks and troughs, indicating that responses were emitted more frequently at regularly recurring time intervals following stimulus presentation. On average, responses were initiated after four to seven discrete processing steps whose “quantum” duration was proportional to task difficulty.

Factors Influencing Supplier Selection Process Among Muslim Food Operators: A Qualitative Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 3057-3060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslina Ali ◽  
Mohd Aidil Riduan Awang Kader ◽  
Nor Khairunnisa Mat Yunus ◽  
Suhana Mohezar ◽  
Mohammad Nazri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Factors Influencing

Human Perception of the Maximum Safe Speed of Robot Motions

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Karwowski ◽  
T. Plank ◽  
M. Parsaei ◽  
M. Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Initial Speed ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Arm Motion ◽  
Assembly Tasks

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the maximum speeds of robot arm motion considered by the subjects as safe for human operators working in a close proximity of the robot's working envelope. Twenty-nine college students (16 males and 13 females) participated in the study as monitors of the simulated assembly tasks performed by two industrial robots of different size and work capabilities. The results show that the speed selection process depends on the robot's physical size and its initial speed at the start of the adjustment process. Subjects selected higher speeds as “safe” if they were first exposed to the maximum speed of the robot, and significantly lower values when the initial speed of the robot's actions was only 5% of maximum. It was also shown that the subject's previous exposure to robots and the level of their knowledge of industrial robots highly affected their perception of safe speeds of robot motions. Such effects differ, however, between males and females.

scholarly journals Emphasizing the ‘positive’ in positive reinforcement: Using non-binary rewarding for training monkeys on cognitive tasks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Fischer ◽  
Detlef Wegener
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Model System ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Alternative Scheme ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
Or Task

AbstractNon-human primates constitute an indispensable model system for studying higher brain functions at the neurophysiological level. They can be trained on highly demanding cognitive tasks, and studies involving these animals elucidated the neuronal mechanisms of various cognitive and executive functions, such as visual attention, working memory, and decision-making. The training of behavioral tasks used to study these processes builds on reinforcement learning and involves many discrete stages. It may takes several months, but frequently lasts a year or longer. The training is usually based on applying a liquid reward as the reinforcer to strengthen the desired behavior, and absence of the reward if the animal’s response was wrong. We here propose an alternative, non-binary rewarding scheme that aims to minimize unrewarded behavior. We show the potential of this alternative scheme to significantly speed up the training of an animal at various stages, without trade-off in accessible task difficulty or task performance.

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