scholarly journals Brain Drain Social and Political Effects in Latin American Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Lisdey Espinoza Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Rich ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Source Countries

Abstract:Brain Drain is an integral part of globalization, and constitutes a significant challenge for least developed countries undergoing processes of modernization. Traditionally, Brain Drain has been seen as a zero sun game that makes the rich richer, and the poor, poorer. Globalization has led to an increased international demand for skilled labour. Brain Drain suggests an unequal distribution of advantages and disadvantages of global migration. However, this unequal distribution could effectively be reverted if immediate action is taken, challenges to host and source countries are identified, and policies are adopted to revert its negative effectsKey words: Brain Drain, host countries, source countries, highly-skilled migration, globalization, Latin America, migration.**************************************************** Fuga de cerebros. Efectos sociales y políticos en los países de AméricaLatinaResumen:La fuga de talentos es una parte integral del proceso de globalización y se presenta con un reto para países en procesos de modernización. Tradicionalmente, la fuga de talentos ha sido vista como un juego de suma cero que hace al rico más rico y al pobre más pobre. La globalización ha traído consigo una mayor demanda de capital altamente calificado, y aunque la fuga de talentos efectivamente trae consigo un sinnúmero de desventajas, estas pueden ser revertidas si se toman acciones concretas en los países emisores.Palabras clave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalización, migración calificada, migración.**********************************************************Fuga de cérebros Efeitos sociais e políticos nos países da América LatinaResumo:A fuga de talentos é uma parte integral do processo de globalização e se apresenta como um reto para os países em processo de modernização. Tradicionalmente, a fuga de talentos tem sido vista como um jogo de soma zero que faz mais rico ao rico e mais pobre ao pobre. A globalização tem trazido consigo uma maior demanda de capital altamente qualificado, e ainda que a fuga de talentos efetivamente traga consigo um sem-número de desvantagens, estas podem ser revertidas caso sejam executadas ações concretas nos países emissores.Palavras-chave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalização, migração qualificada, migração.

scholarly journals Tecnología de información & productividad en América latina

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Neira
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Market Economies ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Market Economies ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

Palabras claves: Consumo, producto interno bruto (PIB), tecnología de informaciónResumen. Se investiga en que grado el total de gastos de Tecnología de información y las inversiones de software/hardware, tienen impacto sobre la productividad en países de Latinoamérica, se pretende averiguar como la productividad puede ser aumentada en respuesta a estas variables. Aunque literaturas anteriores hayan investigado en países desarrollados las preguntas respecto a si la Tecnología de Información tiene impacto sobre la productividad de un pais, en países con economía emergente han sido pocas las investigaciones. Un mejor entendimiento de cómo la productividad de una nación es afectada por la tecnología de información puede ayudar a los políticos a inventar mejores estrategias de promover el crecimiento. Es importante para empresas multinacionales en economías de mercado emergente, saber cuando invertir en tecnología de información para alcanzar los niveles mas eficientes de producción. La relación postulada entre la Tecnología de Información y la productividad de un país es examinada usando el método estadístico de regresión linear, dónde las variables Dependientes son representadas por: El Producto Interno Bruto y la Inversión del Gobierno; las variables independientes las representan: La Información, Comunicación y Tecnología, la inversión de Tecnología de Información en Educación y en Software/Hardware en los países seleccionados.Key words: Consumption, gross national product (GNP), information technologyAbstract. The purpose of this investigation its whether total ICT spending, Software/Hardware spending, and IT variables have varying degrees of impact on country productivity in Latin American. I predict that productivity could be increased in response to any of these variables. Although previous literature has investigated these questions for developed countries, questions of whether information technology has any impact on a country’s productivity has received little attention in emerging market economies. A better understanding of how productivity of a nation is affected by information technology can help policymakers devise better strategies to promote high and stable economic growth. It is also important for multinational companies operating in emerging market economies to know how much to invest in information technology in order to achieve the most efficient levels of production. Yearly information technology data are obtained from Digital. Planet of the Global Research organization, the productivity indicators are obtained from the international Financial Statistics publications of the international Monetary fund. The postulated relationship between IT and country productivity is examined using a linear regression method.

Structural Economic Vulnerability, Trade Policy and FDI Inflows

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sèna Kimm Gnangnon ◽  
Harish Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This paper investigates two questions: first, how does countries' structural economic vulnerability (EVI) affect their foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; second, how does EVI influence FDI inflows when host countries further liberalize their trade policies. The empirical analysis provides evidence that EVI influences negatively FDI inflows and that, in the context of greater trade policy liberalization, this vulnerability deters FDI only when it exceeds a certain threshold. These results call for enhanced cooperation between national governments and the international community to address developing countries, least-developed countries' EVI in order to ensure greater FDI inflows, which are critical for their economic development.

scholarly journals LA RIQUEZA MUNDIAL ALCANZA PARA TODOS

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Díaz Yarto
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
International Capital ◽  
Critical Thought ◽  
Modern Capitalism ◽  
America Latina ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Mientras los leones no tengan sus propios historiadores,las historias de cacería siempre glorificarán al cazadorProverbio africano RESUMEN Se hace una revisión de la manera en que el pensamiento económico hegemónico producido en los centros académicos de los países desarrollados comprende la participación e inclusión de los mercados latinoamericanos en la economía globalizada. El artículo revisa, desde el pensamiento crítico, los procedimientos económicos seguidos por el mercado global en el proceso de incorporación de las economías de América Latina y las consecuencias que ha acarreado la indiscriminada apertura de las economías nacionales al capital internacional. Además, se ponen en tensión las posibilidades reales de desarrollo mundial que el capitalismo moderno plantea a partir del maridaje de la tecnología y las comunicaciones, con el desigual e inequitativo funcionamiento de la economía global.   ABSTRACT The author reviews the way in which hegemonic economic thought produced in academic centers in developed countries considers the participation and inclusion of Latin American markets in the globalized economy. From a perspective of critical thought, the author reviews the economic procedures followed by the global market in the process of incorporating Latin American countries, and the consequences from the indiscriminate opening of their national economies to international capital. In addition, the article questions the possibilities for world development as proposed by modern capitalism on the basis of the union b

scholarly journals Education premiums and skilled migration: Lessons for an educational policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camelia Tigau ◽  
Bernardo Bolaños Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Wage Premiums ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin American Countries

This paper examines the relationship between skills prices (wage premiums) and inequality in migrant sending countries (mainly from Latin America) and explores the implications for education policies. Most of the evidence is based on the case of Mexico, a Latin American country that is also an Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) member. Despite the belief that Latin American countries tend to pay less for their skilled workers than developed countries, they invest a considerable amount of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in education and sometimes in scholarships abroad. Therefore, our main question is: Are skill prices really so proportionately low in Latin America?  Likewise, what are the impacts of skills prices on migration in Latin America, and Mexico in particular? And, what is the importance of “brain drain” in terms of the relationship between migration and education? We find that despite the enormous inequality in the region, skills prices are not low. Furthermore, high expenditures on education combined with low skills prices do not necessarily result in brain drain. Other factors, such as perceptions of insecurity and corruption, have a stronger effect on the migration of Mexican professionals. Likewise, although high skills prices may lead to economic development, they may also increase social inequality, leading to greater brain drain. Therefore, the expansion of higher education is recommendable even if it reduces salaries and wage premiums in the short term. 

scholarly journals Where next?

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3115-3124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Potts
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many

This paper provides a personal perspective on the rich discussions at the Bixby Forum . The size, rate of growth and age structure of the human population interact with many other key factors, from environmental change to governance. While the details of future interactions are sometimes difficult to predict, taken together they pose sombre threats to a socially and economically sustainable future for the rich and to any realistic possibility of lifting the world's bottom two billion people out of poverty. Adaptive changes will be needed to cope with an ageing population in countries with low fertility or below, but these are achievable. More worrying, continued rapid population growth in many of the least developed countries could lead to hunger, a failure of education to keep pace with growing numbers, and conflict. The assumption that the demographic transition from high to low birth rates occurs as a result of exogenous social and economic forces is being replaced by a clearer understanding of the many barriers that separate women from the knowledge and technologies they need to manage their childbearing within a human rights framework. The forum ended with a clear consensus that much more emphasis needs to be given to meeting the need for family planning and to investing in education.

Sovereignty, National Interest & Security and the Bilateral Investment Treaties of Bangladesh and the Netherlands: a Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-214
Author(s):  
Mohammad Belayet Hossain ◽  
Asmah Laili Bt Yeon ◽  
Ahmad Shamsul Bin Abd. Aziz
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Investment Treaties ◽  
The Government

Abstract In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties are playing the important role of regulating foreign investments in the host countries. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and the Netherlands also signed bilateral investment treaties to facilitate trade. Bangladesh foreign investment laws and bilateral investment treaties mainly protect foreign investors; however, neither include any specific provisions of protecting sovereignty, national interest, and security. The Netherlands generally follows EU foreign investment policies. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh and the Netherlands include any specific provisions to protect the sovereignty, national interest, and security, and (b) should the sovereignty, national interest, and security be considered during the entry of foreign direct investment in Bangladesh and the Netherlands? Using doctrinal research method, a total of 25 bilateral investment treaties have been analysed in order to explore whether they protect the sovereignty, national interest, and security of Bangladesh and the Netherlands. Based on the findings, this study will recommend that the government of Bangladesh should consider this important factor as an entry condition, either through amending the existing laws or through the bilateral investment treaties.

The Role of Governance on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-247
Author(s):  
Adem Gök
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Country Clusters ◽  
Governance Infrastructure

The effect of governance on FDI inflows is firstly through the effect of institutions on investment environment of a country and secondly through the decreasing transaction costs, production costs, and uncertainty. The countries are divided into three clusters. A new theoretical perspective is developed considering governance as a base factor. System GMM methodology is used to deal with endogeneity problem. The empirical analysis covers 32 advanced, 70 developing, and 17 least developed countries for the period 1996-2010. Improving governance infrastructure as a base factor attracts more FDI in all country clusters. FDI made into advanced countries are efficiency seeking, FDI made into developing countries are market seeking, and FDI made into least developed countries are resource seeking. Finally, it is found that a motivation factor alone may not be sufficient for MNCs to take FDI decision since they also observe governance infrastructure in host countries and any deterioration in governance infrastructure leads to a decreasing amount of FDI inflows.

scholarly journals Education and Migration:

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
N. V. Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Indian Diaspora ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
And Migration

The Indian diaspora consists of low- and semi-skilled migrants mainly tothe Middle-East; migration of the highly-skilled to developed countries;and cross-border students who seek employment and remain in their hostcountries. India initially viewed the migration of the best educated fromits prestigious institutions as ‘brain drain’. However, with the reverse flowof these professionals, the diaspora came to be seen as ‘brain gain’. Thehighly-skilled Indian diaspora assumed positions of responsibility in thecorporate world, in academia (including Nobel laureates), and in the politicaland social spheres in some host countries, thereby enhancing India’simage abroad. Key words: India, skilled migration, human aspirations, brain drain, braingain

scholarly journals Environmental Protection and BITs of Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA: A Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Belayet Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Investment Treaties

In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are playing an important role of regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there are 2361 BITs in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization, Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA also signed BITs to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and Malaysia foreign investment laws has no specific provision of protecting environment and fails to maintain high standard like USA environment laws. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA has any specific provision to protect the environment in the host country? (b) should the environmental protection be considered during the entry of foreign investments in Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA? Using doctrinal research method, we critically analyzed 40 BITs signed by Bangladesh, Malaysia and USA with different countries to explore whether there is any specific reference of protecting environment. We find that the existing BITs mainly have provisions to promote and protect foreign investments, and 7 out of 40 BITs have specific reference of protecting environment. Therefore, the governments should consider this important factor to insert while signing any future BITs.

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