scholarly journals Education and Migration:

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
N. V. Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Indian Diaspora ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
And Migration

The Indian diaspora consists of low- and semi-skilled migrants mainly tothe Middle-East; migration of the highly-skilled to developed countries;and cross-border students who seek employment and remain in their hostcountries. India initially viewed the migration of the best educated fromits prestigious institutions as ‘brain drain’. However, with the reverse flowof these professionals, the diaspora came to be seen as ‘brain gain’. Thehighly-skilled Indian diaspora assumed positions of responsibility in thecorporate world, in academia (including Nobel laureates), and in the politicaland social spheres in some host countries, thereby enhancing India’simage abroad. Key words: India, skilled migration, human aspirations, brain drain, braingain

scholarly journals A Gap in Brain Gain for Emerging Countries: Evidence of International Immigration on Non-Resident Patents

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Bolortuya Enkhtaivan ◽  
Jorge Brusa ◽  
Zagdbazar Davaadorj
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Culture Learning ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Creative People ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Global Data

Immigration is a controversial topic that draws much debate. From a human sustainability perspective, immigration is disadvantageous for home countries causing brain drains. Ample evidence suggests the developed host countries benefit from immigration in terms of diversification, culture, learning, and brain gains, yet less is understood for emerging countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of brain gains due to immigration for emerging countries, and explore any gaps as compared to developed countries. Using global data from 88 host and 109 home countries over the period from 1995 to 2015, we find significant brain gains due to immigration for emerging countries. However, our results show that there is still a significant brain gain gap between emerging and developed countries. A brain gain to the developed host countries is about 5.5 times greater than that of the emerging countries. The results hold after addressing endogeneity, self-selection, and large sample biases. Furthermore, brain gain is heterogenous by immigrant types. Skilled or creative immigrants tend to benefit the host countries about three times greater than the other immigrants. In addition, the Top 10 destination countries seem to attract the most creative people, thus harvest the most out of the talented immigrants. In contrast, we find countries of origin other than the Top 10 seem to send these creative people to the rest of the world.

International Skill Flows and Migration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Circular Migration ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Limiting Case ◽  
Oecd Data

Migrants are increasingly skilled. Historically British emigration was disproportionately skilled and new comparative OECD data shows the continuing brain drain from Europe to the USA. However skilled migration is best understood as skilled mobility not migration: permanent settlement in a destination country is a limiting case within a multiplicity of movements exemplified by the international commuting of the financial services elite. Immigration policies increasingly attempt to attract the best and the brightest. Rising mobility is driven by firms’ recruitment policies, but also by individuals’ motivations which are often non-financial. Skilled mobility is now claimed to benefit both origin and destination countries through circular migration and knowledge transfer. However, skilled mobility can also promote privatisation of higher education in origin countries and lower investment in training in receiving countries. A typology of skilled mobility suggests some forms can increase income inequality in destination countries.

Reconceptualization of “Brain Drain”

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-314
Author(s):  
Li Zong ◽  
Yixi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Highly Educated

AbstractTraditional approach to the issue of “brain drain” and “brain gain” focuses on outflow and inflow of migration of academics and professionals between countries of origins and destinations. It is suggested that, in the international labor market, the developing countries have experienced the problem of brain drain while the developed countries have benefited from brain gain in the process of globalization and international mobility of talent. From this perspective, “brain drain” or “brain gain” is primarily measured by the number of talented people who have “moved in” or “moved out” of a country, but not the extent to which the “brain” has been utilized. This study redefines the notion of “brain drain” by focusing on the actual utilization of professional talents. Previous research findings show that despite attractive Canadian immigration policy and the increasing number of professional immigrants, Canada as a developed country has the problem of “brain waste” due to its systemic barriers such as the devaluation of foreign credentials and non-recognition of foreign work experience for professional Chinese immigrants. At the same time, China as a developing country has benefited from contributions made by highly educated professionals/students returning to their home country through its attractive and rewarding opportunities for those who have attained knowledge and skills from overseas. China has become a model of “brain gain” for developing countries by implementing a series of open and favorable policies to attract top-notch overseas Chinese and foreign talents to help promote the economic development and global competitiveness of the nation.

scholarly journals Standardization versus adaptation of global marketing strategies in emerging market cross-border acquisitions

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Rao-Nicholson ◽  
Zaheer Khan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Stakeholder ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Organizational Identities ◽  
Stakeholder Requirements

Purpose The recent increase in the presence of emerging market firms (EMFs) in global markets requires a closer examination of their international marketing strategies (including branding). The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors behind the standardization or adaptation of global marketing strategies adopted by EMFs for their cross-border acquisitions. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the determinants of the marketing strategies adopted by Indian and Chinese firms for their cross-border acquisitions. The drivers of the standardization/adaptation of marketing strategies (including branding) are identified using both quantitative data collected in 168 cross-border acquisitions conducted by the EMFs mentioned above and the institutional theory and organizational identity literature. Findings Institutional factors have a stronger effect than organizational identities on global marketing strategies, including branding. The standardization of the EMFs’ marketing strategies is driven by the private statuses of the acquirers, legal distances, target countries’ economic development, and the ethnic ties that exist between the home and host countries. The acquirers’ decisions to retain the targets’ brand identities, thus adapting their global marketing strategies, are related to the cultural distances, economic freedom distances, and sizes of the targets. Research limitations/implications In this study, two large emerging markets – India and China – are used to gather the empirical data; future works can expand upon this line of research and examine other EMFs. Practical implications The acquiring companies have to decide whether to adopt an adaption marketing strategy, with reference to the acquired targets’ local stakeholder requirements, or to incorporate their targets’ brands into their own global marketing strategies. Originality/value Typically, previous work on the adaptation vs standardization of global marketing strategies adopted in the wake of cross-border deals has focussed on acquisitions involving companies from developed countries; this paper extends the field of research to the EMFs of two of the most important developing countries: China and India.

Brain Drain Project

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S17-S17
Author(s):  
M. Pinto da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Medical Migration ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
And Migration

Despite the ongoing reality of workforce migration, information on medical migration is missing, with lack of detailed evidence of transnational migrations within Europe, obscuring the extent of how migration occurs amongst the different medical specialties.The European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) has been pioneer in researching workforce migration in junior doctors, conducting the EFPT Brain Drain study, which explored the reasons and patterns of mobility and migration in 33 European countries among junior doctors training in psychiatry.The intention has been to better understand the migration phenomena, its reasoning and effects in order to give practical proposals to improve education, training and work conditions and ultimately the health care itself in both donor and host countries.Migration among medical professionals can take place throughout the career: before, during or after training. Exploring attitudes towards migration among junior doctors can help to understand the factors that shape the decision-making processes related to migration in future specialists.These findings provide objective data that can assist policy makers, providing instruments to address the critical conditions leading to migration from at-risk countries, adjusting the pull factors and improving the standards of education, work and salaries.Future studies should explore whether the presented results differ for junior doctors in other medical disciplines, as well as physicians in general and psychiatric consultants in Europe and in other areas of the world. Furthermore, the follow up of the respondents from this study could assess to what extent the migratory tendency and intention predicts the future migration itself.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Brain drain of doctors from southern Africa: brain gain for Australia

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit S Oberoi ◽  
Vivian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Donor Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Technical Personnel

?Brain drain? is the depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel. The United Nations defines it as a one-way movement of highly skilled people from developing to developed countries that only benefits the industrialised (host) world. Today, brain drain is a major problem facing less developed countries, while Australia and other developed countries are the beneficiaries. Brain drain is reported to have direct negative impact on the population?s health status in the donor country, with associated consequences for the productivity and welfare of the population. This paper reports on a qualitative study to understand the key factors behind brain drain from the perspective of the migrating doctor, and to consider possible solutions. Interviews were conducted with doctors who have migrated to Australia from southern Africa to explore reasons for brain drain. Specifically, the study tests the supposition that push factors play a much greater role than pull factors, and identifies which push factors are most important. Strategies to prevent brain drain from this depleted labour region are considered.

scholarly journals Brain Drain Social and Political Effects in Latin American Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Lisdey Espinoza Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Rich ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Source Countries

Abstract:Brain Drain is an integral part of globalization, and constitutes a significant challenge for least developed countries undergoing processes of modernization. Traditionally, Brain Drain has been seen as a zero sun game that makes the rich richer, and the poor, poorer. Globalization has led to an increased international demand for skilled labour. Brain Drain suggests an unequal distribution of advantages and disadvantages of global migration. However, this unequal distribution could effectively be reverted if immediate action is taken, challenges to host and source countries are identified, and policies are adopted to revert its negative effectsKey words: Brain Drain, host countries, source countries, highly-skilled migration, globalization, Latin America, migration.**************************************************** Fuga de cerebros. Efectos sociales y políticos en los países de AméricaLatinaResumen:La fuga de talentos es una parte integral del proceso de globalización y se presenta con un reto para países en procesos de modernización. Tradicionalmente, la fuga de talentos ha sido vista como un juego de suma cero que hace al rico más rico y al pobre más pobre. La globalización ha traído consigo una mayor demanda de capital altamente calificado, y aunque la fuga de talentos efectivamente trae consigo un sinnúmero de desventajas, estas pueden ser revertidas si se toman acciones concretas en los países emisores.Palabras clave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalización, migración calificada, migración.**********************************************************Fuga de cérebros Efeitos sociais e políticos nos países da América LatinaResumo:A fuga de talentos é uma parte integral do processo de globalização e se apresenta como um reto para os países em processo de modernização. Tradicionalmente, a fuga de talentos tem sido vista como um jogo de soma zero que faz mais rico ao rico e mais pobre ao pobre. A globalização tem trazido consigo uma maior demanda de capital altamente qualificado, e ainda que a fuga de talentos efetivamente traga consigo um sem-número de desvantagens, estas podem ser revertidas caso sejam executadas ações concretas nos países emissores.Palavras-chave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalização, migração qualificada, migração.

scholarly journals The demography of globalisation

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-444
Author(s):  
J. L. Sadie
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Global Village ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Economic Globalisation

Demographic globalisation, as the counterpart of economic globalisation, is interpreted as the movement towards a state depicted as the "global village" where there are no official impediments to the cross-border movement of people. Such movement is posited as the outcome of inter-country disequilibria which determine the levels of the propensity to migrate. Relevant problems are addressed such as whether the international trade in goods and services can serve as substitute for migration of labour (accompanied or unacompanied by dependents); demographic complementarity between more and less developed countries; the type of labour demanded by countries of immigration; demographically perverse migratory flows; the socio-economic problems ensuing from the formation of numerically strong ethnic minorities in host countries; and what the outlook is for the realisation, in demographic terms, of a global village mode.

scholarly journals Eight Questions about Brain Drain

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gibson ◽  
David McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Popular Discourse ◽  
Production Externalities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Key Questions

The term “brain drain” dominates popular discourse on high-skilled migration, and for this reason, we use it in this article. However, as Harry Johnson noted, it is a loaded phrase implying serious loss. It is far from clear that such a loss actually occurs in practice; indeed, there is an increasing recognition of the possible benefits that skilled migration can offer both for migrants and for sending countries. This paper builds upon a recent wave of empirical research to answer eight key questions underlying much of the brain drain debate: 1) What is brain drain? 2) Why should economists care about it? 3) Is brain drain increasing? 4) Is there a positive relationship between skilled and unskilled migration? 5) What makes brain drain more likely? 6) Does brain gain exist? 7) Do high-skilled workers remit, invest, and share knowledge back home? 8) What do we know about the fiscal and production externalities of brain drain?

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BRAIN CIRCULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Peter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Brain Gain

Many highly developed countries suffer the economic consequences of a growthlimiting demographic gap, which they only can fill with immigration. However, immigrants must be capable to be integrated into the receiving economy based on age and education. However, emigration raises in the home-countries the complex problem of “Brain Drain” (including loss of human capital, reduction in unemployment), which is offset by a “Brain Gain” in the destination country due to immigration. It can be shown, however, that within the framework of an adapted migration policy there can be a "Brain Circulation" that has advantages for all countries involved

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document