scholarly journals Where next?

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3115-3124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Potts
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many

This paper provides a personal perspective on the rich discussions at the Bixby Forum . The size, rate of growth and age structure of the human population interact with many other key factors, from environmental change to governance. While the details of future interactions are sometimes difficult to predict, taken together they pose sombre threats to a socially and economically sustainable future for the rich and to any realistic possibility of lifting the world's bottom two billion people out of poverty. Adaptive changes will be needed to cope with an ageing population in countries with low fertility or below, but these are achievable. More worrying, continued rapid population growth in many of the least developed countries could lead to hunger, a failure of education to keep pace with growing numbers, and conflict. The assumption that the demographic transition from high to low birth rates occurs as a result of exogenous social and economic forces is being replaced by a clearer understanding of the many barriers that separate women from the knowledge and technologies they need to manage their childbearing within a human rights framework. The forum ended with a clear consensus that much more emphasis needs to be given to meeting the need for family planning and to investing in education.

scholarly journals Climate and trade policies: from mutual destruction to mutual support

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK A. MESSERLIN
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
National Treatment ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Perspective ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThere is no doubt that trade and climate policies can be mutually destructive. But there are three strong reasons to suggest that they can also be mutually supportive: they have a common problem, common foes, and common friends. Mutual support would be much stronger if the world regimes for these two policies shared a few common principles. The climate community should feel at ease with the broad WTO principles of ‘national treatment’ and ‘most-favoured nation’, and rely on them in building its own treaty and institutions. The trade community should grasp the opportunity to benefit from the better disciplines on adjustment policies that it is hoped the climate community will design.These conclusions should put the many pending problems into a more positive perspective, and persuade negotiators to find pragmatic compromises, as was the case with the GATT. Using this perspective, the paper focuses on a few key issues, such as the definition of carbon border taxes and the reasons to ban carbon tariffs. Other cases of mutual support are examined. For instance, the climate community should not repeat the mistakes of the world trade regime in dealing with the developing and least developed countries.

scholarly journals The Effect of Demographic Change on Financial Stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Asma' Rashidah Idris ◽  
Muzafar Shah Habibullah ◽  
Ranjanee Kaliappan
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the effect of fertility on financial stability and its determinant particularly therelevance of demographic changes. This is motivated by the huge impact of demographic changes(increasing ageing population and low fertility level). Population ageing and low fertility tend to lowerboth labour- force participation and saving rates (change bank business model), thereby raising concernson a future slowing economic growth and financial instability. The system GMM results show that thefertility level somehow acts as a buffer and reflects to the degree of stability to the financial system. Anincrease in fertility and old-age population will contribute to lowering the financial stability. As a matterof policy implication, the nations, financial sectors, and economies should take pro-active active stepsand enhance policies in handling the inter-related issue of the ageing population, decreasing fertility, andfinancial stability especially in developed countries, but not necessarily to overlook the impact of theissues in developing countries. Keywords: Demographic change, old-age population, fertility, financial stability

scholarly journals Brain Drain Social and Political Effects in Latin American Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Lisdey Espinoza Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Rich ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Source Countries

Abstract:Brain Drain is an integral part of globalization, and constitutes a significant challenge for least developed countries undergoing processes of modernization. Traditionally, Brain Drain has been seen as a zero sun game that makes the rich richer, and the poor, poorer. Globalization has led to an increased international demand for skilled labour. Brain Drain suggests an unequal distribution of advantages and disadvantages of global migration. However, this unequal distribution could effectively be reverted if immediate action is taken, challenges to host and source countries are identified, and policies are adopted to revert its negative effectsKey words: Brain Drain, host countries, source countries, highly-skilled migration, globalization, Latin America, migration.**************************************************** Fuga de cerebros. Efectos sociales y políticos en los países de AméricaLatinaResumen:La fuga de talentos es una parte integral del proceso de globalización y se presenta con un reto para países en procesos de modernización. Tradicionalmente, la fuga de talentos ha sido vista como un juego de suma cero que hace al rico más rico y al pobre más pobre. La globalización ha traído consigo una mayor demanda de capital altamente calificado, y aunque la fuga de talentos efectivamente trae consigo un sinnúmero de desventajas, estas pueden ser revertidas si se toman acciones concretas en los países emisores.Palabras clave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalización, migración calificada, migración.**********************************************************Fuga de cérebros Efeitos sociais e políticos nos países da América LatinaResumo:A fuga de talentos é uma parte integral do processo de globalização e se apresenta como um reto para os países em processo de modernização. Tradicionalmente, a fuga de talentos tem sido vista como um jogo de soma zero que faz mais rico ao rico e mais pobre ao pobre. A globalização tem trazido consigo uma maior demanda de capital altamente qualificado, e ainda que a fuga de talentos efetivamente traga consigo um sem-número de desvantagens, estas podem ser revertidas caso sejam executadas ações concretas nos países emissores.Palavras-chave: Fuga de talentos, América Latina, globalização, migração qualificada, migração.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

Prevalence and geographic distribution of haemophilia in Costa Rica

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S28-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arroyo ◽  
L. Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
E. Arrieta-Bolaños ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Many ◽  
Low Prevalence

SummaryHaemophilia is the most frequent hereditary haemorrhagic illness and it is due to the deficiency of coagulation factors VIII (haemophilia A, HA) or IX (haemophilia B, HB).The prevalence of this disease varies according to the country, those having better survival rates having also higher prevalences. Specifically in Costa Rica, there are around 130 HA and 30 HB families. This study reports the prevalence and a spatial distribution analysis of both types of the disease in this country. The prevalence of haemophilia in this country is 7 cases per 100 000 men, for HA it is 6 cases per 100 000 and for HB it is 1 case per 100 000 male inhabitants. The prevalence of this disease is low when compared with other populations. This low prevalence could be due to the many patients that have died because of infection with human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s. The prevalence of haemophilia in Costa Rica is almost one half of that present in developed countries. Nevertheless, the ratio between HA and HB follows world tendency: 5 : 1. In this study, nationwide geographical distribution maps were drawn in order to visualize the origin of severe cases and how this influences the pattern of distribution for both types of haemophilia. By means of these maps, it was possible to state that there is no association between the sites of maximum prevalence of mutated alleles and ethnicity. With this study, haemophilia prevalence distribution maps can be used to improve efforts for the establishment of hemophilia clinics or specialized health centers in those areas which hold the highest prevalences in this country. Also, this knowledge can be applied to improve treatment skills and offer the possibility of developing focused genetic counseling for these populations.

Population Policies in Turkey and Demographic Changes on a Social Map

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Murat Yucesahin ◽  
Tuğba Adalı ◽  
A Sinan Türkyılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Demographic Transitions ◽  
Population Policies ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Low Levels

Compared to its past structure, Turkey is now a country with low levels of fertility and mortality. This junction that Turkey now has reached is associated with a number of risks, such as an ageing population, and a decreasing working-age population. The antinatalist policy era of Turkey was followed by a period of maintenance, yet the recent demographic changes formed the basis of a pronatalist population policy from the government’s view. This study discusses the link between demographic change and population policies in Turkey. It further aims to position Turkey spatially in relation to selected countries that are in various stages of their demographic transitions with different population policies, using a multidimensional scaling approach with data on 25 selected countries from the UN. The analysis is based on a 34-year period, 1975-2009, so as to better demonstrate Turkey’s international position on a social map, past and present. Our findings suggest that Turkey’s position on the social map shifted towards developed countries over time in terms of demographic indicators and population policies. 

EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ASPECTS AND APPROACHES

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAVED ALAM SHEIKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
World Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

Almost 50 per cent of the world population is constituted by the women and they have been making substantial contribution to socio-economic development. But, unfortunately their tremendous contribution remains unrecognized and unnoticed in most of the developing and least developed countries causing the problem of poverty among them. Empowering women has become the key element in the development of an economy. With women moving forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. Hence, improving the status of women by way of their economic empowerment is highly called for. Entrepreneurship is a key tool for the economic empowerment of women around the world for alleviating poverty. Entrepreneurship is now widely recognized as a tool of economic development in India also. In this paper I have tried to discuss the reasons and role of Women Entrepreneurship with the help of Push and Pull factors. In the last I have also discussed the problems and the road map of Women Entrepreneurs development in India.

Surveying adherence of dental clinic patients to preventive measures in oral cavity

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Kudryavtseva ◽  
V. V. Tachalov ◽  
E. S. Loboda ◽  
L. Yu. Orekhova ◽  
E. Yu. Nechai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact

Relevance. Periodontal diseases are a medical and social problem due to the wide spread among the population of developed countries and the impact on the quality of life. Among the many factors that are important in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases, an important role is played by adherence to the recommendations of the dentist in respecting oral hygiene. Aim of the work was to study the adherence of patients of the dental clinic to compliance with preventive measures in the oral cavity.Materials and methods. A total of 98 patients of dental clinic, 62 female (medial age 38,6 ± 14,0 years) and 36 male (medial age 37,2±13,1 years) participated in survey. The study participants flled in the profle and answered questions about age, gender, harmful working conditions and bad habits, frequency of visits to the dental clinic, attitudes to the prevention of dental diseases, knowledge about the means and methods of oral hygiene.Results. As a result of the study, it was found that in the vast majority of cases, respondents are employed in production that does not adversely affect their health (91%), only 8% of patients indicated harmful working conditions.Conclusions. The study revealed that, despite the recommendations of the dentist, patients are not always committed to the implementation of preventive measures in the oral cavity. Dentists need to motivate patients to use not only the usual methods and means of hygiene, but also additional ones necessary for maintaining dental health.

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