scholarly journals Animal models of stress and stress-related neurocircuits: A comprehensive review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Haitao Wu ◽  
Mengxin Ma ◽  
Xin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Comprehensive Review

Animal models in the neurotoxicology of 2,4-D

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1178-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Freitas ◽  
LP de Assis Valadares ◽  
MGM Camozzi ◽  
PG de Oliveira ◽  
MR Ferreira Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Locomotor Patterns ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
The Brain

2,4-D is a selective pre- and postemergence herbicide used for several crops. It is hazardous for the environment and risk for humans; therefore, several studies attempt to evaluate its effects and consequences of its use. The nervous system is supposedly a target for this herbicide, and this comprehensive review gathers the information about animal models that have been used for the study of the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D. The studies used several methods to evaluate the neurotoxicity of this herbicide, most of which used rodents, mainly rats, two used fish, and one used chicken eggs. The main behavioral effect observed concerned alterations in locomotor patterns and reduced motor activity. Biochemical analysis showed decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and increased levels of its metabolites and increased or decreased levels of DA and its metabolites depending on the brain area analyzed. Hypomyelination is also a possible effect of 2,4-D when the exposure occurs during the proliferation and development of the oligodendrocytes. The worst neuropathologic effects were observed in fish. Since most studies focused on the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D in rodents, the effect it may have on other species and groups of animals, especially with different physiology, is unclear and it should be researched.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review: The Evolution of Animal Models in Pulmonary Hypertension Research; Are We there Yet?

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Maarman ◽  
Sandrine Lecour ◽  
Ghazwan Butrous ◽  
Friedrich Thienemann ◽  
Karen Sliwa
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Comprehensive Review

scholarly journals Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Garcia ◽  
◽  
T Histing ◽  
JH Holstein ◽  
W Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Non Union ◽  
Delayed Bone Healing

scholarly journals Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Wheat Allergenicity in Animal Models: A Comprehensive Review

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yining Jin ◽  
Harini Acharya ◽  
Devansh Acharya ◽  
Rick Jorgensen ◽  
Haoran Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Wheat Allergy ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Testing Tools ◽  
Epitope Structure ◽  
Wheat Products ◽  
And Control

The prevalence of wheat allergy has reached significant levels in many countries. Therefore, wheat is a major global food safety and public health issue. Animal models serve as critical tools to advance the understanding of the mechanisms of wheat allergenicity to develop preventive and control methods. A comprehensive review on the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity using animal models is unavailable at present. There were two major objectives of this study: To identify the lessons that animal models have taught us regarding the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity and to identify the strengths, challenges, and future prospects of animal models in basic and applied wheat allergy research. Using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we retrieved and critically analyzed the relevant articles and excluded celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Our analysis shows that animal models can provide insight into the IgE epitope structure of wheat allergens, effects of detergents and other chemicals on wheat allergenicity, and the role of genetics, microbiome, and food processing in wheat allergy. Although animal models have inherent limitations, they are critical to advance knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of wheat allergenicity. They can also serve as highly useful pre-clinical testing tools to develop safer genetically modified wheat, hypoallergenic wheat products, novel pharmaceuticals, and vaccines.

Environmental Enrichment and Neuronal Plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Clemenson ◽  
Fred H. Gage ◽  
Craig E.L. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Spatial Exploration ◽  
The Brain

This chapter reviews the literature on environmental enrichment and specifically discusses its influence on the hippocampus of the brain. In animal models, the term “environmental enrichment” is used to describe a well-defined manipulation in which animals are exposed to a larger and more stimulating environment. This experience has been shown to have a powerful and positive impact on hippocampal cognition and neuroplasticity in animals. In humans, however, the translation of environmental enrichment is less clear. Despite the fact that humans live considerably more enriching lives compared to laboratory animals, studies have shown that training and expertise (such as exercise and spatial exploration) can lead to both functional and structural changes in the human brain. This chapter is a comprehensive review of environmental enrichment, drawing parallels between animal models and humans to present a more complete understanding of environmental enrichment.

Lessons from the Barn to the Operating Suite: A Comprehensive Review of Animal Models for Fetal Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra K. Kabagambe ◽  
Chelsey J. Lee ◽  
Laura F. Goodman ◽  
Y. Julia Chen ◽  
Melissa A. Vanover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Fetal Surgery ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Operating Suite

Animal Models of Autoimmune Liver Diseases: a Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Pei Liu ◽  
Zhen-Hua Bian ◽  
Zhi-Bin Zhao ◽  
Jinjun Wang ◽  
Weici Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Autoimmune Liver Diseases

scholarly journals Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review

Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1943289
Author(s):  
Lorrie L. Blais ◽  
Theresa L. Montgomery ◽  
Eyal Amiel ◽  
Paula B. Deming ◽  
Dimitry N. Krementsov
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Comprehensive Review

scholarly journals Microbiological Reduction of Molybdenum to Molybdenum Blue as a Sustainable Remediation Tool for Molybdenum: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5731
Author(s):  
Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai ◽  
Mohd Fadhil Rahman ◽  
Motharasan Manogaran ◽  
Nur Adeela Yasid ◽  
Mohd Arif Syed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Molybdenum Blue ◽  
Mine Effluent ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Sustainable Recovery ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Reduction

Molybdenum (Mo) microbial bioreduction is a phenomenon that is beginning to be recognized globally as a tool for the remediation of molybdenum toxicity. Molybdenum toxicity continues to be demonstrated in many animal models of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, particularly those of ruminants. The phenomenon has been reported for more than 100 years without a clear understanding of the reduction mechanism, indicating a clear gap in the scientific knowledge. This knowledge is not just fundamentally important—it is specifically important in applications for bioremediation measures and the sustainable recovery of metal from industrial or mine effluent. To date, about 52 molybdenum-reducing bacteria have been isolated globally. An increasing number of reports have also been published regarding the assimilation of other xenobiotics. This phenomenon is likely to be observed in current and future events in which the remediation of xenobiotics requires microorganisms capable of degrading or transforming multi-xenobiotics. This review aimed to comprehensively catalogue all of the characterizations of molybdenum-reducing microorganisms to date and identify future opportunities and improvements.

scholarly journals Antiarthritic Activities of Herbal Isolates: A Comprehensive Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1329
Author(s):  
Shweta Jain ◽  
Ankur Vaidya ◽  
Pawan Kumar Gupta ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Ellagic Acid ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Adjuvant Induced Arthritis ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Activity Animal

Numerous plant isolates with therapeutic properties, such as antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimalarial, antiarthritic (AA), hepatoprotective, cardiotonic, and so forth, are reported in the literature. Usually, medicinal plants are widely used, and assumed to be safe and cheaper alternatives to chemically synthesized drugs. However, they are not regulated for potency and purity, and thus care must be taken for their safe use. In this review, we aimed to compile all of the herbal isolates possessing AA properties, including alkaloids (montanine, 3-acetylaconitine, sanguinarine, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride, and piperine), terpenoids (eugenol, nimbolide, bartogenic acid, cannabidiol, and curcumin), and flavonoids (quercetin, resveratrol, kaempferol, chebulanin, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and brazilin). These isolates act through numerous pharmacological mechanisms such as inhibiting cytokines, chemokines, or matrix metalloproteinase, etc., to demonstrate AA activity. Animal models utilized for assessing the AA properties of these isolates, including adjuvant-induced arthritis mouse models, are also discussed. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based approaches to deliver these isolates are also reviewed, which have shown improved therapeutic efficacy of isolated compounds.

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