scholarly journals Homeownership and the New Zealand Labour Market

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Cochrane ◽  
Jacques Poot
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Job Change ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Market Areas

Since the early 1990s, the proportion of the New Zealand households living in owner-occupied dwellings has declined markedly from 73.8 per cent in 1991 to 66.9 per cent in 2006. Over the same period there has been a decline in the unemployment rate from 10.5 per cent to 3.5 per cent. Several demand, supply and institutional factors are responsible for the downward trend in unemployment, but this paper investigates a possible connection with homeownership that has hitherto not been investigated in New Zealand. Andrew Oswald argued in a series of unpublished papers in the 1990s that home ownership is detrimental to labour market flexibility because of transaction costs that homeowners must incur when a job change necessitates a change of residence. An extensive theoretical and empirical literature on this hypothesis has emerged internationally. The present paper reviews earlier findings and then rests the hypothesis with 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001 census data for 58 labour market areas, using econometric models for panel data. We take account of the erogeneity of homeownership. The New Zealand models do provide evidence that supports the Oswald hypothesis.

scholarly journals Adapting to the Recession: Labour Force Changes and Labour Costs Reductions

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Gordon ◽  
Peter Brosnan ◽  
Pat Walsh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Financial Pressure

This paper will examine two aspects of the labour market flexibility, namely the ability of the workplaces to adjust their workforce and to reduce their relative labour costs. The survey covers the period ending in May 1991 during which firms faced considerable economic uncertainty and financial pressure. As with the above studies it confirms that considerable flexibility existed in the New Zealand labour market prior to the Employment Contracts Act.

scholarly journals Plus Ca Chage...: The Employment Contracts Act and Non-standard Employment in New Zealand, 1991-1995

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brosnan ◽  
Pat Walsh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Substantial Change

The aim of this paper is to discuss and analyse changes in the incidence and distribution of non-standard employment in New Zealand since the introduction of the Employment Contracts Act in May 1991. Non-standard employment is defined as employment that is not permanent and full-time. The analysis is based upon data from national surveys, one of 2000 workplaces in May 1991 and another of 5,200 workplaces in May 1995. One of the chief policy objectives of the Employment Contracts Act was to enhance labour market flexibility. Non-standard employment is one indicator of labour market flexibility. Accordingly, the degree of change in non-standard employment is one indicator of the Act's success or lack of it in achieving its policy objectives. The results show that the Act has not been associated with a substantial growth in non-standard employment. The 1995 New Zealand labour force looks a lot like the 1991 labour force. The proportion of permanent full-time employees has hardly changed since 1991, and remains at more than two-thirds of the workforce. The two areas of employment to show substantial change were casual employment, which has declined since 1991 and fixed term employment which has increased. The change in casual employment is in the reverse direction from that expected by both critics and supporters of the Act. The data also show, however, that while employers expect permanent full-time employment to remain predominant, they also expect non-standard employment to rise considerably in the next five years.

scholarly journals Occupational Trends in New Zealand: 1991-2001

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Boonzaier ◽  
Rob Heyes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Occupational Employment

This research provides a useful insight into the occupational evolution of the New Zealand labour market. Our presentation looks at three different areas and the research paper is divided accordingly. The paper begins with an analysis of the conceptual basis of occupational classifications used in New Zealand. This is done because the classification system forms the basis of the quality and amount of occupational employment information that can be used for historical trends. The NZSC099 is a skills-based classification system therefore the paper examines the strengths and limitations of the way that the NZSC099 uses skills information. The paper then follows with an explanation of how the research team constructed a time series of occupational employment using data from the 1991, 1996 and 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings. The paper concludes with some initial results from an analysis of trends in the occupational structure of the New Zealand labour market between 1991 and 2001 using this Census data. This section comprises key explanatory figures and charts of longitudinal trends.

scholarly journals Youth Labour Markets in Post-1984 New Zealand: Young People Negotiating School to Work Transitions

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Higgins ◽  
Janine Alfeld
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Reasonable Sense

This paper is part of a larger project exploring the school to post-school choices of New Zealand’s first post-1984 generation. In this paper we analyse census data relating to the employment of young people (aged 15-24 years) in two of the project’s sites, Southland and Auckland. We then discuss out participants’ perceptions of the labour market and find that these perceptions are broadly in line with general labour market trends, and that they incorporate a reasonable sense of the local opportunities for part time employment while at school. But participants lacked this ‘local literacy’ when considering future employment possibilities. That is, they lack a clear sense of engagement with ‘place’ in relation to their imagined working futures.

scholarly journals Cohorts Experiences of Youth Labour Market Transitions in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rea ◽  
Paul Callister
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Market Transitions

This paper investigates the changing nature of young peoples' transition into the labour market over the last 30 years. The paper uses census data from 1976 to 2006 to compare the experiences of cohorts of young people born in New Zealand. A range of outcomes are analysed including living with parents, participation in education, employment, partnering, having children and migration. We find that transitions into the labour market have changed considerably over the last 30 years. We also find that the cohorts of young people born in the late 1960s and early 1970s experienced somewhat different outcomes compared to both the preceding as well as later cohorts. We attribute this to the fact that these cohorts entered the labour market in the late 1980s and early 1990s at a time of high overall unemployment. Our findings have important policy implications, particularly given the current recession and rising rates of youth unemployment.

scholarly journals Immigration and ‘Brain Waste’

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Apatov ◽  
Asha Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Education System ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Certification Requirements

We analyse ‘brain waste’, or underutilisation of immigrant skills in the New Zealand labour market, with specific reference to immigrants from APEC member countries. Using census data, we find wide variation across APEC countries in the likelihood that a typical immigrant from these countries with a tertiary qualification works in a skilled occupation, consistent with brain waste. Our exploration of the drivers of brain waste reveals that GDP per capita of the country of origin of immigrants, its distance from New Zealand, expenditure on education and colonial links to New Zealand are negatively related to brain waste. After accounting for these drivers, there is no evidence that brain waste is mitigated among immigrants from APEC member countries. Our study highlights the need for efforts to facilitate utilisation of immigrant skills in the region, such as cooperation among APEC members in standardising certification requirements and dissemination of information on skills demand and supply and the nature and quality of the education system.

Changes in intra-city employment patterns: a spatial analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Webber ◽  
Gail Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate area-level labour market dynamics from a spatial perspective. This analysis is aimed at better understanding what socio-economic actors are associated with shifts in unemployment rates across a major metropolitan city. Design/methodology/approach – Based on two waves of New Zealand census data, this paper combines a seemingly unrelated regression approach (allowing for relaxation of the assumption that residuals from models of different employment states are unrelated) with a spatial lag model. Findings – The key socio-economic drivers associated with intra-city employment dynamics were vehicle access, dependency rates and educational attainment. Importantly, the identification of spatial autocorrelation with respect to employment status patterns within this major New Zealand city motivates a case for heterogeneous employment policies across the city. Originality/value – This research improves the understanding of changes in labour market status rates within a city region. This is done by inclusion of two important considerations: a spatial perspective to labour market dynamics at an intra-city level; and formally modelling the interdependence across the four potential labour market outcomes (being full-time, part-time, unemployed or out of the labour force). Overall, there was clear empirical support for the need to include spatial considerations when using targeted policy to help lift areas out of unemployment.

The Effect of Neighborhood Diversity on Volunteering: Evidence From New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Clark ◽  
Bonggeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neighborhood Diversity ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Abstract A growing empirical literature has found that neighborhood heterogeneity lowers people’s likelihood of contributing to public goods. However, this literature has been mostly cross-sectional, and so struggled to address the effects of unobserved influences on contributions that may be correlated with heterogeneity. It has also paid little attention to how heterogeneity’s estimated effects are influenced by neighborhood size or the concavity of heterogeneity measures. With access to a panel of three waves of census data on volunteering rates in New Zealand, released at two fine levels of aggregation, we can control for stable unobserved neighborhood characteristics that may affect volunteering rates. We use pooled cross-section, between and fixed effects regressions to test whether volunteering rates are lowered by heterogeneity in race/ethnicity, language, birthplace, or income. We find that estimates are affected by neighborhood definition, and that ethnic and language heterogeneity are robustly associated with lower volunteering rates in New Zealand.

scholarly journals The Daily Commute: An Analysis of the Geography of the Labour Market using 2006 Census Data

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ralphs ◽  
Rosemary Goodyear
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Commuting Flows ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Flow Maps ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Commuting Patterns

This paper explores the major commuting areas within New Zealand and how commuting patterns have evolved between 1996 and 2006. It focuses primarily on the new insights that mapping and visualisation methods can bring to the analysis and understanding of complex flow data. In particular, we discuss some approaches to delineating labour market areas based on commuter inflow statistics and demonstrate the advantages that spider flow maps bring to the visualisation and understanding of commuting flows between areas. Spider flow maps are based on origin-destination information from the 2006 Census, but the paper also includes an historical perspective, examining changes in, the number and proportion of people commuting between areas and using different modes of transport used for commuting. Although our focus is on the advantages that these new methods can bring to the analysis of commuting data, some interesting findings arise. Both the number of commutes and the distance travelled by commuters has increased markedly since 1996, particularly around the largest cities of the Auckland. Wellington and Christchurch.       Labour markets centered on these cities go well beyond territorial authority boundaries and. particularly in the Auckland case, are becoming increasingly polycentric. Data visucalisation makes the exploration of these patterns much more accessible.

scholarly journals Where Have They Gone? Changes In Occupations Using 1991-2013 New Zealand Census Data

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hancock
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Occupational Classification ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
High Level ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Way

Over the period 1991 to 2013 they way in which occupations have been reported and classified in the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings has changed. To look at the high level trends, an analysis of the top thirty occupations that have the highest counts in census data in that time period based on the New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (NZSCO) has been undertaken. The purpose of this analysis is to have a time-series barometer to see whether respondents change the way in which they respond, and to determine if occupation reporting is reflecting changes in the real world of the New Zealand labour market. A comparison is made using the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) to identify if classification changes have an impact. Have some of the old occupations really disappeared or are they being reported differently? Has the way the occupations are classified, and the changes in the classifications caused some interesting trends. What impact has been experienced with the introduction of a trans-Tasman classification? Are there new and emerging occupations in this top group and are there any labour market sectors that are not appropriately represented? The paper discusses the role of an occupational classification in relation to the processing of the responses given to the five yearly population census question on occupation, and questions whether the statistical need for processing survey responses has affected the viability of the classification for labour market analysis.

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