scholarly journals Australia and New Zealand Labour Markets: Some Similarities and Differences

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Newell ◽  
Paul Callister
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Occupational Patterns ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
The Comparative Study

There is much media attention given to New Zealand workers migrating to Australia. Less attention has been given to directly comparing the two labour markets. We use Australian and New Zealand census and labour force survey data to build a 2006/2008 centred comparison of labour market attributes and recent trends in both countries. Key areas considered include: how did the restructuring of the New Zealand economy in the 1980s/early 1990s affect the relative rates of prime-aged male employment in New Zealand as compared to Australia; has there been the same growth in employment of women on both sides of the Tasman: how does the liming of retirement by Australians compare with that of New Zealand residents; how similar are our overall occupational patterns; are young New Zealand born tradespeople proportionately more concentrated in the Australian workforce than in New Zealand; is the occupational structure of Auslralia resident Maori similar to that of other Australian resident; and how does the balance of extended metropolitan and other labour market catchment types compare? A 2006 Australasian comparative labour market geography developed using the Coombes algorithm as implemented by Newel/ and Papps 2001 is introduced as a common framework for the comparative study of Australia and New Zealand subnational labour markets.

scholarly journals A Regional Labour Market Profile

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Morrison
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Regional Labour Market ◽  
Regional Labour Markets

As unacceptably high unemployment levels persist throughout the OECD so greater attention is being paid to differences in the way regional Labour markets adjust to growth and recession. Comparatively speaking New Zealand has lacked both the conceptual and empirical analyses necessary to build local and regional specific approaches into its active labour market policies - despite the persistence of regional disparities through the post war period. When regional differences are raised for public discussion in New Zealand it is the geographical variations in the unemployment rate that usually receives attention. What this paper shows is that unemployment is merely the surface phenomenon of a condition which is much more deeply embedded in the regional labour markets affected. This is illustrated by constructing a regional labour market profile which measures each of the 14 regions on four separate labour market indicators. When applied at the height of the New Zealand recession in 1991 the profile demonstrated how regions with high unemployment rates not only experience Low labour force participation rates but that when members of the labour force in such regions do find work they work fewer hours and even when fulltime employment is obtained the levels of remuneration are lower than those in the more buoyant regions. The result of these interconnected characteristics of regional labour markets is a series of indirect multipliers which serve to exaggerate and compound the effect of depressed labour demand on weaker markets.

scholarly journals The Pitfalls of Monitoring Minority Labour Market Phenomena

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Baines ◽  
James Newell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Constant State ◽  
Policy Analysts ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
Household Labour

Labour markets are in a constant state of change, in both scale and composition. Policy analysts and researchers alike have an interest in tracking such changes over time. Statistics New Zealand is the major source of data on labour markets, and various statistical surveys and census keep us updated at varying frequencies, from quarterly to 5-yearly. For policy purposes. frequency and timeliness of monitoring data are important. The Household Labour Force Survey is therefore used as the statistical basis for monitoring various aspects of New Zealand labour markets, including trends in employment and unemployment levels. However, comparison of various statistical data sets reveals substantial differences in estimates as data are disaggregated, or as data refer to less universal (i.e. minority) labour market phenomena. Which data set is likely to be more accurate? Is reduced accuracy a casualty of survey sampling., weighting and estimation procedures?

scholarly journals Adapting to the Recession: Labour Force Changes and Labour Costs Reductions

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Gordon ◽  
Peter Brosnan ◽  
Pat Walsh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Financial Pressure

This paper will examine two aspects of the labour market flexibility, namely the ability of the workplaces to adjust their workforce and to reduce their relative labour costs. The survey covers the period ending in May 1991 during which firms faced considerable economic uncertainty and financial pressure. As with the above studies it confirms that considerable flexibility existed in the New Zealand labour market prior to the Employment Contracts Act.

scholarly journals Self-Employment and Labour Market Transitions in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyi Shao ◽  
Mallika Kelkar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Market Transitions ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
Market Transitions

Self-employment in New Zealand has been trending up in the past two years, following subdued growth between 2000 and 2010. Self-employed people made up 11.3% of total employed in the year to March 2012 (251,800 workers), compared with 10.1% in the year to March 2010. Self-employment is defined in this paper as those people operating their own business without employees. The paper explores time series trends in self-employment, in particular across three post-recession periods. Characteristics of self-employed workers are also identified. This paper also investigates movements in and out of self-employment in order to understand the recent growth in this type of employment. The analysis uses longitudinal Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS) data. The HLFS provides official measures of a range of labour market indicators, including the number of people employed, unemployed and not in the labour force.

The effect of immigration on natives’ task specialisation: the case of Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Sebastian ◽  
Magdalena Ulceluse
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Working ◽  
Task Reallocation ◽  
Manual Tasks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives’ task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor’s O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets. Findings The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects. Originality/value The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity.

scholarly journals Plus Ca Chage...: The Employment Contracts Act and Non-standard Employment in New Zealand, 1991-1995

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brosnan ◽  
Pat Walsh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Substantial Change

The aim of this paper is to discuss and analyse changes in the incidence and distribution of non-standard employment in New Zealand since the introduction of the Employment Contracts Act in May 1991. Non-standard employment is defined as employment that is not permanent and full-time. The analysis is based upon data from national surveys, one of 2000 workplaces in May 1991 and another of 5,200 workplaces in May 1995. One of the chief policy objectives of the Employment Contracts Act was to enhance labour market flexibility. Non-standard employment is one indicator of labour market flexibility. Accordingly, the degree of change in non-standard employment is one indicator of the Act's success or lack of it in achieving its policy objectives. The results show that the Act has not been associated with a substantial growth in non-standard employment. The 1995 New Zealand labour force looks a lot like the 1991 labour force. The proportion of permanent full-time employees has hardly changed since 1991, and remains at more than two-thirds of the workforce. The two areas of employment to show substantial change were casual employment, which has declined since 1991 and fixed term employment which has increased. The change in casual employment is in the reverse direction from that expected by both critics and supporters of the Act. The data also show, however, that while employers expect permanent full-time employment to remain predominant, they also expect non-standard employment to rise considerably in the next five years.

scholarly journals Youth Labour Markets in Post-1984 New Zealand: Young People Negotiating School to Work Transitions

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Higgins ◽  
Janine Alfeld
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
School To Work ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Reasonable Sense

This paper is part of a larger project exploring the school to post-school choices of New Zealand’s first post-1984 generation. In this paper we analyse census data relating to the employment of young people (aged 15-24 years) in two of the project’s sites, Southland and Auckland. We then discuss out participants’ perceptions of the labour market and find that these perceptions are broadly in line with general labour market trends, and that they incorporate a reasonable sense of the local opportunities for part time employment while at school. But participants lacked this ‘local literacy’ when considering future employment possibilities. That is, they lack a clear sense of engagement with ‘place’ in relation to their imagined working futures.

scholarly journals Technological Development and the Labour Market: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Automation in Hungary in the International Comparison?

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Miklós Illéssy ◽  
Ákos Huszár ◽  
Csaba Makó
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
International Comparison ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
The Us ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Analyse Data

In our study, we analyse data from the Hungarian Microcensus (2016) in order to map the proportion of Hungarian jobs threatened by the spread of automation. In doing so, we use the internationally well-known methodology of Carl Benedict Frey and Michael A. Osborne who estimated the probability of computerization for 702 occupations. The analysis was then repeated by Panarinen and Rouvinen for the Finnish labour market by converting the probabilities defined for the US occupational statistics to the European International Standard Classification of Occupations. Similar calculations were conducted for the Swedish and Norwegian labour markets. According to our results, almost every second Hungarian employee (44%) works in a job that is threatened by the development of digital technologies. The same ratio is 47% in the US and 53% in Sweden, while it is much lower in Finland (35%) and Norway (33%). It is especially alarming that 13% of the Hungarian workforce (i.e., almost 600,000 employees) works in an occupation where the probability of computerization is above 95%, while the number of those working in occupations where the same ratio is above 90% exceeds one million (i.e., 25% of the total Hungarian labour force). Diving deeper into the analysis, we can state that those with higher educational qualifications are more likely to work in an occupation that is more protected against computerization. Overall, there are no significant differences in the probability of computerization by gender; however, women are over-represented in the most endangered occupations.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Crisis and Some Contours of the Rural Labour Market in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110238
Author(s):  
Shantanu De Roy ◽  
Mampi Bose
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Counterpart ◽  
Gender Groups

Indian labour markets are segmented based on caste, gender groups, region, types of workers and types of contractual arrangements. An important feature of the labour markets in India, notwithstanding intersectionalities across segments, is greater access to high-quality work with social security benefits to the privileged sections of the society as compared to the socially oppressed sections, including women. The latter dominate in low-quality, less stable and insecure work in the informal sector.The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have increased the vulnerability of the informal workers, including the migrant workers. The article analyses the features of rural and urban labour markets, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, that had contributed to vulnerability of the workforce. The analysis was based on the National Statistical Office ( NSO, 2020 )—Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) database of 2018–2019, NSSO (2014)—Report of the Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSSO (2014)—Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, and the Economic Survey of India. It also analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the rural labour market based on the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. Our analysis reveals that the rural labour market in India was more adversely affected by the lockdown measures than the urban counterpart. In the rural areas, there was collapse of non-farm employment and increased participation in agricultural work was largely an outcome of distress. Furthermore, reverse migration of workers had led to sharp decline in remittances, particularly in the eastern Indian states that are largely agrarian and poor. The article advocates policy initiatives that include expansion of the rural employment programmes for providing relief to the poor and working population in India.

scholarly journals The New Zealand Labour Market: Recent Trends and Future Prospects

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Melville
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Recent Trends

This paper presents information on past trends in the labour market since the mid 1980's and provides an outlook into the first years of the next century. Trends disaggregated by gender; ethnicity and industry are considered.

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