Lage der Mühlenindustrie im Komitat Baranya und die Veränderungen der Beschäftigtenzahlen zwischen 1876 und 1886

The purpose of the study: This paper aims to analyze how the number of workers changed in the mill industry of Baranya County between 1876 and 1885. The study is based on statistical surveys conducted in those two years. The statistics were compared for several labor market factors (number of entrepreneurs, assistants, apprentices). The earlier statistics (1876) are part of the first authentic national survey, while the milling survey, published in 1885 as a separate publication, contains data. Applied methods. Statistical surveys and data were analyzed and compared. At the end of the study, a mathematical calculation was also performed on the problem of labor force change. From the number of mills closed, it was calculated how many mill workers could lose their jobs during the narrow decade studied. The latter procedure may continue to play a significant role in the future due to the scarcity of available data. Outcomes. The study has two results. The first is that the number of workers in the milling industry (contractors, assistants, apprentices) has decreased in the nine years between the two statistical surveys. The second is that the closure of the mills has contributed significantly to the reduction in the working force. These results call for further investigation. One of the most relevant questions to be answered is: what was the reason for the decrease in the number of mills and the number of workers in the milling industry in Baranya at the same time as the milling industry was a driving force in Hungary.

Statistical estimates bias for data with missing values: Nonresponse study: انحياز التقديرات الإحصائية للبيانات التي تحوي قيماً مفقودة: دراسة حالة عدم الاستجابة

Statistical surveys are usually conducted to obtain data describing a problem in a studied society, and many surveys experience a rise in nonresponse rates, as the rate of nonresponse may affect the bias of the nonresponse in survey estimates. Recent empirical results show instances of nonresponse rate correlation with nonresponse bias, we attempt to translate statistical experiences of nonresponse bias in newly published studies and research into causal models that lead to assumptions about when a lack of response causes bias in estimates. Research studies of the estimates of nonresponse bias show that this bias often exists. The logical question is: what is the advantage of surveys if they suffer from high rates of nonresponse, since post-survey adjustments for nonresponse require additional variables, the answer depends on the nature of the design and the quality of the additional variables.

Education Through Wikipedia

Wikipedia belongs to education in various ways. One gains knowledge by reading Wikipedia, the other obtains profound knowledge by contributing to Wikipedia. It is the reason why educators in many countries include Wikipedia editing into their curriculum. The article is dedicated to the ecosystem of education through Wikipedia and other Wiki projects which were created by the author, developed by Wikimedia Armenia and settled in Armenia. For seven years Wikimedia Armenia has been implementing Wikipedia Educational projects in different rural regions of Armenia and hopefully will continue its development. The system offers permanent creative learning for teachers, as well as deep and interdisciplinary education on their future field of engagement with students. It revolutionarily changes the attitude of teachers and students towards education. It facilitates the teacher and student relationships. It also changes students' interrelation from contest to cooperation. It shifts the attention of educational players from marks to topics’ perception. Of course, the most valuable advantage of this approach is that teachers improve their knowledge continuously and students, even not the smart ones gain comprehensive knowledge. This ecosystem is constantly improved based on statistical surveys. The components of the ecosystem were honored as the coolest Wikimedia projects and registered as trademarks: Wikicamp, Wikiclub. In the current article the full overview of education through wiki projects is given. The detailed description and innovative solutions on the challenges of today’s education will be introduced in the upcoming articles of the publication issue.

Regional differentiation of higher education in Russian regions in 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific values of the indices that describe the spread of higher education institutions in all regions of Russia and the number of their students in the total working-age population living in these regions. The initial empirical data were the results of official statistical surveys conducted on information on the development of higher education, as well as the number of working -age population in eighty-two regions of the Russian Federation for 2020. In the course of the research, four mathematical models were developed. The study showed that on average, there are almost 14.8 higher education organizations per million working-age residents in the regions. It is proved that every twenty-fourth person of working age in 2020 studied under higher education programs. The conducted analysis showed the presence of a significant differentiation of the values of the considered indicators by region. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.

Higher education in Russia: number and structure of teachers

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the indicators that characterize the number and structure of the teaching staff that provides students with higher education programs in the regions of Russia. The initial empirical data were the results of official statistical surveys conducted on the basis of information on the number of teachers in higher educational institutions, students in these organizations, as well as on the working-age population in eighty-two regions of Russia in 2020. In the course of the study, four mathematical models were developed. The study showed that on average, no more than two teachers work in higher educational institutions per million people of working age in the regions. It is proved that three out of four professors were candidates of sciences and Doctor of Sciences (that is, they had academic degrees). In 2020, there were an average of twenty students per teacher. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.

The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy Balance—General Approach

This a presents an original methodology for designing residential buildings with a positive energy balance. This process is an extremely complex undertaking. So far, no methodology with an open set of decision criteria has been developed that would include the modeling of the decisionmaker’s preferences using statistical surveys of a group of decisionmakers for this purpose. There is also no methodology relating to the interdependence of decision criteria. The present paper presents an original methodology consisting of five stages. The prepared algorithm indicates the need for changes in the classic design of residential buildings, taking into account the decision criteria that show interdependence. The proposed methodology consists in combining three methods of multi-criteria decision support: the DEMATEL method, used to determine the relations between decision criteria; the AHP/ANP method, used to build a model of the decisionmaker’s preferences, and the TOPSIS method, used to create a ranking of permissible and acceptable variants of solutions. The tool, i.e., the DEMATEL method, fulfills the expected function and enables the identification of the relations between the criteria and sub-criteria of evaluation. The AHP/ANP method fulfills the expected function and enables the ranking of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria.

Factors affecting the TB screening indicators in people living with HIV in the regions of Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The aim of the study is to know the tuberculosis screening measures and factors affecting their effectiveness among people living with HIV in the Northwestern District of the Russian Federation. In the study the data obtained from federal statistical surveys on HIV and tuberculosis during 2007–2018 have been used. In several regions of the Northwestern District there is a significant decrease in the results of the screening measures (p<0,05): in Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Pskov regions and Karelia Republic, which is associated with the density of cumulation of patients with advanced stages of HIV-infection (s=0,81, p<0,001) and with the share of subjects tested positively for HIV, but not registered at the AIDS Centers in the year of obtaining the positive results. In the regional TB/HIV programs it is necessary to take into account the level of cumulation of HIV cases on advanced stages in the region and the resources should be directed towards the tuberculosis screening among the patients who are on advanced HIV stages.

The Health Care System of the Semipalatinsk Region of the Steppe Territory: Stages of Formation (60s of the 19th Century — the Beginning of the 20th Century)

On the basis of different sources, mainly annual regional statistical surveys, the stages of the formation of the health care system of the Semipalatinsk region of the Steppe Governor General are revealed. At the first stage, the end of the 60s — 80s of the 19th century, the accession of the Steppe Territory to the Russian Empire was completed. The integrating policy of this ethnoregion into the political-legal and socio-economic space of the empire was initiated. In the social sphere, it led to the creation of a health system. The procesas had a number of specific features due to the absence of zemstvos and zemstvo medicine and the predominance of Kazakh nomads in the ethnosocial structure of the region. Therefore, in contrast to the central regions of Russia, the development of the health care system in the Steppe Territory was dealt with by the provincial and regional administrations. The second stage (the end of the 80s 19th century — 1917) is associated with the beginning of the mass migration of peasant migrants from the European part of Russia to the Steppe Territory. This stage is characterized by the expansion of the network of regional and county medical institutions, the improvement of their material and technical base, the expansion of the specialization of practicing doctors, and the solution of the personnel problem. Also, at that stage, the system of management of medical institutions was improved and government organizations, for example, the Resettlement Department, were involved in solving problems related to health care services for the p opulation. In general, statistics show that by 1917 the quality of health care services and the percentage of population involvement remained at a low level.

Design and Covid-19: Monitoring Urban Data

This article discusses the use of population monitoring within urban space by designers. It considers its use to define design strategies aiming at mitigating the Covid-19. Some governments have used identified citizens data as well as stored population data through telephone companies. In search to establish new strategies to mitigate the pandemic consolidation, data collected are used for communication, considering among other aspects statistical surveys of the population. With this, new services are offering digital applications in the pandemic context, having designers as part of the group of people involved in this new process. On population monitoring activity, issues such as data privacy, surveillance capitalism and doubts about the use of these data and activities after the pandemic are points to be considered. In this context, how and what should designers consider in this scenario is a question that arises. This work presents a discussion about the theme based upon a systematic research on the related literature. Literature was analysed resulting in a set of points that shows the importance of design strategy in the use of these projects.

A Model for Evidence-Based Social Policy Making, Driven by Big Data, Dynamic Simulation and Stakeholders Participation

European Union and governments of the member states are striving to respond to contemporary socio-economic challenges with social investments and enhanced social support, often relying on social innovation in their quest to welfare reforms. However, social policy innovations targeting to improve social welfare, often neglect objective data describing societal phenomena and European citizens’ perspectives and patterns of human behaviour, resulting of their real status of wellbeing. Systematic methods for measuring the impact of innovative social policy reforms and transformations in the provision of social services is an important research challenge in the European welfare system. In this chapter, a comprehensive model of evidence-based social policy making is proposed, driven by dynamic simulation methodologies and data mining techniques to extract evidence from two types of data. On the one hand, objective data coming from a multiplicity of sources, including governmental data and statistical data, are used to capture the interlinked policy domains and their underlying casual mechanisms. On the other hand, it considers behavioural aspects and citizens’ opinions as data analytics emerging from Web 2.0 sources, social media posts, polls and statistical surveys. To combine this multimodal information, our approach suggests a modelling methodology that bases on big data acquisition and processing for the identification of significant factors and counterintuitive interrelations between them, which can be applied in any policy domain. Then, the suggested methodology is applied within the context of a social policy innovation initiative aiming to counter adversities of the migration challenge. The presented model provides a first proof a concept on how ICT and specifically data intelligence can drive social policy reforms. However, further application and validation of the approach for driving policy design and implementation in the future in any domain, is suggested.