scholarly journals An Economic Analysis Of Sugar Sweetened Beverage Taxes - A Model With Substitutes And Complements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningxin Ding
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Uk

<p><b>Studies have shown that excess sugar intake is one of the potential causes of obesity and diabetes. As a result, taxing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been put forward as a possible solution. However, SSB taxes may not be effective, as consumers may switch to other untaxed drinks. In addition, there are gaps regarding (1) the socially optimal tax rate in New Zealand, (2) which tax base is the most favorable at its socially optimal level, and (3) whether taxing all beverages is superior to taxing only SSBs. Given these, this study addresses the socially optimal tax rate, taking into account substitutes and complements. It also explores the most efficient tax base, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes.</b></p> <p>The study starts from constructing a utility-maximization model of the optimal corrective tax, which allows substitution and complementary effects. Since the marginal harm from SSBs is included as a component of the optimal tax formula, a contingent valuation survey is conducted to estimate people’s willingness-to-pays for health risk reductions, the results of which are further used to measure the monetary value of harm associated with internalities. Moreover, cost analyses using a Markov model and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study model are applied to estimate the harm associated with externalities. Finally, effects of taxes on social welfare are modeled, the result of which can inform the question of which tax base is the most efficient, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes or not.</p> <p>Our estimate of the optimal tax rate suggests that the prices of SSBs in New Zealand should probably increase by 100% to 200%. A beverage tax by calories is the most favorable option, as it has a perfect relationship with the harmful ingredients. Whether taxing all beverages by price or by litres is superior to taxing only SSBs depends on the calories substitutes contain, and the magnitude of substitution effects. When there are strong substitution effects, and substitutes contain low energy, taxing only SSBs is better than taxing all beverages by price or by litres.</p>

scholarly journals An Economic Analysis Of Sugar Sweetened Beverage Taxes - A Model With Substitutes And Complements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningxin Ding
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
The Uk

<p><b>Studies have shown that excess sugar intake is one of the potential causes of obesity and diabetes. As a result, taxing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been put forward as a possible solution. However, SSB taxes may not be effective, as consumers may switch to other untaxed drinks. In addition, there are gaps regarding (1) the socially optimal tax rate in New Zealand, (2) which tax base is the most favorable at its socially optimal level, and (3) whether taxing all beverages is superior to taxing only SSBs. Given these, this study addresses the socially optimal tax rate, taking into account substitutes and complements. It also explores the most efficient tax base, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes.</b></p> <p>The study starts from constructing a utility-maximization model of the optimal corrective tax, which allows substitution and complementary effects. Since the marginal harm from SSBs is included as a component of the optimal tax formula, a contingent valuation survey is conducted to estimate people’s willingness-to-pays for health risk reductions, the results of which are further used to measure the monetary value of harm associated with internalities. Moreover, cost analyses using a Markov model and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study model are applied to estimate the harm associated with externalities. Finally, effects of taxes on social welfare are modeled, the result of which can inform the question of which tax base is the most efficient, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes or not.</p> <p>Our estimate of the optimal tax rate suggests that the prices of SSBs in New Zealand should probably increase by 100% to 200%. A beverage tax by calories is the most favorable option, as it has a perfect relationship with the harmful ingredients. Whether taxing all beverages by price or by litres is superior to taxing only SSBs depends on the calories substitutes contain, and the magnitude of substitution effects. When there are strong substitution effects, and substitutes contain low energy, taxing only SSBs is better than taxing all beverages by price or by litres.</p>

scholarly journals A Free-Market Environmentalist Transition toward Renewable Energy: The Cases of Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4659
Author(s):  
William Hongsong Wang ◽  
Vicente Moreno-Casas ◽  
Jesús Huerta de Soto
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Market ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Market Environmentalism ◽  
The Uk

Renewable energy (RE) is one of the most popular public policy orientations worldwide. Compared to some other countries and continents, Europe has gained an early awareness of energy and environmental problems in general. At the theoretical level, free-market environmentalism indicates that based on the principle of private property rights, with fewer state interventionist and regulation policies, entrepreneurs, as the driving force of the market economy, can provide better services to meet the necessity of offering RE to protect the environment more effectively. Previous studies have revealed that Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have made some progress in using the market to develop RE. However, this research did not analyze the three countries’ RE conditions from the perspective of free-market environmentalism. Based on our review of the principles of free-market environmentalism, this paper originally provides an empirical study of how Germany, Denmark, and the United Kingdom have partly conducted free-market-oriented policies to successfully achieve their policy goal of RE since the 1990s on a practical level. In particular, compared with Germany and Denmark, the UK has maintained a relatively low energy tax rate and opted for more pro-market measures since the Hayekian-Thatcherism free-market reform of 1979. The paper also discovers that Fredrich A. Hayek’s theories have strongly impacted its energy liberalization reform agenda since then. Low taxes on the energy industry and electricity have alleviated the burden on the electricity enterprises and consumers in the UK. Moreover, the empirical results above show that the energy enterprises play essential roles in providing better and more affordable RE for household and industrial users in the three sampled countries. Based on the above results, the paper also warns that state intervention policies such as taxation, state subsidies, and industrial access restrictions can impede these three countries’ RE targets. Additionally, our research provides reform agendas and policy suggestions to policymakers on the importance of implementing free-market environmentalism to provide more efficient RE in the post-COVID-19 era.

scholarly journals The burden of periodontal disease

Dental Update ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 907-913
Author(s):  
Kasim Butt ◽  
Razia Butt ◽  
Praveen Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
The Uk

Periodontal disease is the most common chronic inflammatory disease seen in humans. It is a major public health concern, and in its severe form affects approximately 10.8% or 743 million people aged 15−99 worldwide. Trends such as the rise of smoking in developing countries, the obesity and diabetes epidemic, coupled with an ageing population with greater tooth retention, are all likely to increase the burden of periodontitis still further in the UK and worldwide. Consequences of periodontitis include hypermobility of teeth, tooth migration, drifting and eventual tooth loss. Tooth loss can directly affect the quality of life of a person in terms of reduced functional capacity, self-esteem and social relationships. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article reports the prevalence of periodontal disease in the UK and worldwide, along with the consequences of periodontitis. The importance of timely diagnosis to avoid litigation is discussed, as is the importance of effective management of periodontitis in order to improve patients' oral health-related quality of life.

Advanced practice in ophthalmic nursing: A comparison of roles and the effects of policy on practice in the UK and New Zealand

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Marsden ◽  
Mary E. Shaw ◽  
Sue Raynel
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
National Health ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
National Health Policy ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Role Development ◽  
The Uk

This paper compares the results of studies of ophthalmic advanced practice in two similar but distinct health economies and integrates the effects of the setting, health policy and professional regulation on such roles. A mixed method questionnaire design was used, distributed at national ophthalmic nursing conferences in the UK and in New Zealand. Participants were nurses undertaking advanced practice who opted to return the questionnaire. Data were analysed separately, and are compared here, integrated with national health policy and role regulation to provide commentary on the findings. The findings suggest that health policy priorities stimulate the areas in which advanced practice roles in ophthalmic nursing emerge. The drivers of role development appear similar and include a lack of experienced doctors and an unmanageable rise in healthcare demand. Titles and remuneration are different in the two health economies, reflecting the organisation and regulation of nursing. In clinical terms, there are few differences between practice in the two settings and it appears that the distinct systems of regulation have minimal effect on role development. Ophthalmic nursing, as a reactive, needs based profession and in common with nursing in general, evolves in order that practice reflects what is needed by patients and services.

scholarly journals A survey of foot orthoses prescription habits amongst podiatrists in the UK, Australia and New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara S. Chapman ◽  
Anthony C. Redmond ◽  
Karl B. Landorf ◽  
Keith Rome ◽  
Anne-Maree Keenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Who Are the Key Players Involved with Shaping Public Opinion and Policies on Obesity and Diabetes in New Zealand?

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1592
Author(s):  
Willemijn de Bruin ◽  
Cherie Stayner ◽  
Michel Lange ◽  
Rachael Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Health Service Providers ◽  
Beverage Industry ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

There is an urgent need for strategic approaches to address the high prevalence of obesity and diabetes in New Zealand. Such approaches rely strongly on input from multiple actors in the diabetes and obesity policy space. We conducted a social network analysis to identify influential actors involved with shaping public opinion and/or policy regarding obesity and diabetes in New Zealand. Our analysis revealed a diverse network of 272 individuals deemed influential by their peers. These individuals represented nine professional categories, particularly academics (34%), health service providers (22%), and government representatives (17%). The network included a total of 17 identified decision-makers. Relative capacity of professional categories to access these decision-makers was highest for representatives of the food and beverage industry (25%), compared with nongovernment organisations (9%) or academics (7%). We identified six distinct brokers, in academic (n = 4), government (n = 1), and nongovernmental (n = 1) positions, who could play a key role in improving communication and networking activities among all interest groups. Such actions should ultimately establish effective networks to foster evidence-based policy development to prevent and reduce the burden of diabetes and obesity.

scholarly journals Malaysian corporate tax rate and revenue: the application of Ibn Khaldun tax theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Hairul Azlan Annuar ◽  
Khadijah Isa ◽  
Salihu Aramide Ibrahim ◽  
Sakiru Adsebola Solarin
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Optimal Tax ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The present study aims to investigate the impact of the reduction of the corporate tax rate on corporate tax revenue. The study adopts the theory of taxation by Ibn Khaldun, depicted as the Laffer curve. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses time series data for the period 1996 to 2014 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Findings The paper finds that the corporate tax rate has a dual effect on corporate tax revenue over the study period. It shows an inverted U-shape relationship between the corporate tax rate and corporate tax revenue and reveals that the optimal tax rate is 25.5156 per cent. Inferentially, a positive relationship exists between the two variables prior to the optimal tax rate, and a negative relationship prevails afterwards. A further test of causality shows a long-run unidirectional causality between corporate tax rate and corporate tax revenue. Research limitations/implications First, it should be noted that the policy was not implemented in isolation. Several other tax incentives were given to corporate tax payers, and therefore, such incentives should be controlled for to have a more insightful evaluation of the policy. Second and most important, there is a need to investigate whether the increased cash flow available to firms as a result of the reduction in the corporate tax rate adds value to firms. It is also necessary to investigate whether firms’ stakeholders benefited from the increased cash flow or was there managerial diversion of firms’ resources. Practical implications The policy of gradual reduction of the corporate tax rate in Malaysia is suspected to have a positive impact on the productivity of Malaysian companies, which has contributed to an increase in corporate tax revenue. It also has a positive impact on the economic growth of the country. It means that the lower corporate tax rate has actually reduced the cost of doing business in the country. Originality/value The benefit of increased corporate tax revenue needs to be investigated empirically for insightful policy evaluation. In Malaysia, however, such investigation is close to non-existent to the best knowledge of the researchers. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the impact of the policy of gradual reduction of the corporate tax rate on corporate tax revenue over an 18-year period from 1996 to 2014.

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