scholarly journals Simple Nomographs for Assessing Lighting in Urban Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tomas Sandoval-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Incorporating different technologies and lighting techniques in the illumination of structures has allowed us to portray fantastic night time vistas of our cities. However, the success of the selected technique or technology is frequently assessed based on what the lighting does to the overall environment. At present, it is a common practice for the client or architect to require an illuminated night view of the building. These views are often used as part of the marketing strategy to promote building facilities. Alternatively, on a large scale, they can help promote buildings as city icons.  The illumination of building facades requires an appropriate selection of one or more floodlighting techniques and light sources to achieve the desired lighting effect. This selection, often driven by lighting standards and design considerations, will heavily influence the way in which that the overall lit environment will be portrayed at the end of the lighting project. Currently, tables and floodlighting techniques exist to select the recommended quantity of light and the most suitable luminaire arrangement to illuminate a façade. There is however, no direct indication of how the surrounding area will be affected when the recommended light levels are achieved on the façade.  Despite the increased importance of the floodlighting technique, the design of a good illuminated façade does not have a tradition on which to base parameters for the lighting design. This is often individually approached based on the knowledge, understanding, experience and proficiency of the lighting designer. Considering the diversity of buildings in urban environments, the selection of uncoordinated design parameters could have a significant impact on the area where the building is located. This could affect the occupant comfort and good energy management.  In light of the considerations presented above, it is only with a methodological approach that the lighting designer will be able to provide predictable and consistent results in any number of different situations. This presents an opportunity to develop a methodology to identify whether a façade is over-lit or if the proposed lighting solution is adequate for the area where it is situated.  The proposed methodology will provide a tool to estimate the potential lighting results while considering the effect on the overall environment where the building is located. When a façade is illuminated, the degree of the light experienced at street level is very much dependent upon the reflected light from the primary lit surface. This allows for a relationship based on light levels received at the surrounding street and the average illuminance level achieved on the façade.  Considering that lighting parameters such as lamp lumen output, the reflective qualities of the surface and the luminaire position are intrinsically connected to light reflections, a mathematical expression is formulated to link the relationship mentioned above with lighting design parameters through a set of nomographs. This method provides a good foundation to systematically approach lighting designs with a comprehensive procedure to link the practical lighting considerations with the lighting requirements that will provide occupant comfort and good energy management. This method will help designers to compare different lighting alternatives by analysing the lighting impact of different lit facade options at the very early stage of the lighting design process.</p>

scholarly journals Simple Nomographs for Assessing Lighting in Urban Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tomas Sandoval-Calderon
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Incorporating different technologies and lighting techniques in the illumination of structures has allowed us to portray fantastic night time vistas of our cities. However, the success of the selected technique or technology is frequently assessed based on what the lighting does to the overall environment. At present, it is a common practice for the client or architect to require an illuminated night view of the building. These views are often used as part of the marketing strategy to promote building facilities. Alternatively, on a large scale, they can help promote buildings as city icons.  The illumination of building facades requires an appropriate selection of one or more floodlighting techniques and light sources to achieve the desired lighting effect. This selection, often driven by lighting standards and design considerations, will heavily influence the way in which that the overall lit environment will be portrayed at the end of the lighting project. Currently, tables and floodlighting techniques exist to select the recommended quantity of light and the most suitable luminaire arrangement to illuminate a façade. There is however, no direct indication of how the surrounding area will be affected when the recommended light levels are achieved on the façade.  Despite the increased importance of the floodlighting technique, the design of a good illuminated façade does not have a tradition on which to base parameters for the lighting design. This is often individually approached based on the knowledge, understanding, experience and proficiency of the lighting designer. Considering the diversity of buildings in urban environments, the selection of uncoordinated design parameters could have a significant impact on the area where the building is located. This could affect the occupant comfort and good energy management.  In light of the considerations presented above, it is only with a methodological approach that the lighting designer will be able to provide predictable and consistent results in any number of different situations. This presents an opportunity to develop a methodology to identify whether a façade is over-lit or if the proposed lighting solution is adequate for the area where it is situated.  The proposed methodology will provide a tool to estimate the potential lighting results while considering the effect on the overall environment where the building is located. When a façade is illuminated, the degree of the light experienced at street level is very much dependent upon the reflected light from the primary lit surface. This allows for a relationship based on light levels received at the surrounding street and the average illuminance level achieved on the façade.  Considering that lighting parameters such as lamp lumen output, the reflective qualities of the surface and the luminaire position are intrinsically connected to light reflections, a mathematical expression is formulated to link the relationship mentioned above with lighting design parameters through a set of nomographs. This method provides a good foundation to systematically approach lighting designs with a comprehensive procedure to link the practical lighting considerations with the lighting requirements that will provide occupant comfort and good energy management. This method will help designers to compare different lighting alternatives by analysing the lighting impact of different lit facade options at the very early stage of the lighting design process.</p>

A Method of Form Selection for Large Scale Structures

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Pasini ◽  
S. C. Burgess ◽  
D. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Shape Selection ◽  
Efficiency Parameter ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a new method for modelling the efficiency of large-scale structural forms. Parametric equations, which include all design parameters and also the effect of buckling, are developed. Shape transformers, envelope efficiency parameter and scaling factor are introduced to describe the geometrical properties of cross-sections and to allow interaction between form and cross-sectional shape selection. Design charts provide insight and understanding and assist the selection of different structural concepts at the preliminary stage of design.

A Study on Parameter Determination Method of Large-Scale and Complex Dynamic Systems With Judgment Functions (No. 1)—Theory

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Osamu Furukawa ◽  
Hideomi Ikeshoji ◽  
Satoshi Iida
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Parameter Determination ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Complex Mechanical Systems ◽  
Selection Of

In the design of large-scale and complex mechanical systems, determination of design parameters is a very difficult problem. This study deals with parameter satisfaction problems of large-scale, complex, and dynamic systems with judgment functions. In order to solve these problems, a new method is proposed which sequentially exchanges the original mathematical model to an analyzable approximate model by means of the identification method and which improves a lot of parameters simultaneously. First, criteria of selection of attributes to build up approximate model are clarified. Moreover, as tools for selection of attributes, two analysis charts are proposed which express dynamic relationships among the attributes. Second, a general condition to determine the structure of approximate models and a statistical method to linearize the original model with judgment functions are derived. Finally, a combinatorial method of statistical identification and parameter optimization methods are proposed. By this method, some shortcomings of sensitivity analysis, decomposition technique (enormous calculations of partial derivatives) and statistical methods such as Monte Carlo method (bad convergency of solutions) can be avoided. As a result of this, it becomes possible to search satisfactory parameters efficiently.

scholarly journals Landmarks in wayfinding: a review of the existing literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demet Yesiltepe ◽  
Ruth Conroy Dalton ◽  
Ayse Ozbil Torun
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractLandmarks are accepted as one of the vital elements in both virtual and real environments during wayfinding tasks. This paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the selection of landmarks in wayfinding mostly in large-scale urban environments and outdoors by discussing two main aspects of landmarks: visibility and salience. Environments and layouts used in previous studies, different tasks given to people and the main findings are explained and compared. Summary tables are created from these findings. The review concludes that there is mostly a consensus on the selection of landmarks, when considering their location. Accordingly, landmarks on route and also at decision points (with a turn) are more effective during wayfinding tasks. However, visibility of landmarks as well as visual and cognitive saliency need to be further investigated using different environments, tasks or different levels of familiarity with environments.

scholarly journals Effects of Ciliate Infection on the Activities of Two Antioxidant Enzymes (SOD and CAT) in Captive Coral (Goniopora columna) and Evaluation of Drug Therapy

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Chiu-Min Cheng ◽  
Yu-Rong Cheng ◽  
De-Sing Ding ◽  
Ya-Ting Chen ◽  
Wei-Ting Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Selection Of

Ciliate infection is a serious parasitic disease of coral. Infected coral rots and dies in a short time. In addition to killing corals by infecting them in the oceans, ciliate infection also poses a threat to corals farmed on a large scale. In this study, two antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) were used to judge the stress response in Goniopora columna after infection, and KCl and H2O2 were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The results showed that SOD and CAT increased during the early stage of infection but decreased with the extension of infection time. In terms of drug therapy, it was found that the treatment of ciliate infection with 1.5% of KCl had no significant effect on SOD and CAT of G. columna. The morphological changes of zooxanthellae, chlorophyll a, and coral were not significant. H2O2 leads to a stress response and polyp contraction. In conclusion, 1.5% of KCl can be used in the selection of drugs to treat ciliate infection.

Design of novel aerial jet target

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
Zdobyslaw Jan Goraj ◽  
Marek Malinowski ◽  
Andrzej Frydrychewicz
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fuel Tank ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Flight Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose This paper aims to present and discuss the requirements for flying targets which sometimes are contradictory to each other and to perform a trade-off analysis before the design activity is started. It also aims to demonstrate conceptual and preliminary design processes using a practical example of PW-61 configuration and to show how results of experimental flight tests using a scaled flying target will be described and analyzed before manufacturing the full scale flying target. Design/methodology/approach An important part of the paper consists of the selection of tailplane configuration of the flying target UAV to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independently of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Inverted V-tail, U-tail and H-tail configurations were considered and compared both, theoretically and in-flight experiments. Findings Flight dynamics models and associated computational procedures were useful both in a preliminary design phase and during the final assessment of the configuration after flight tests. Selection of the tailplane configuration for the flying target UAV is very important to protect some expensive on-board systems against serious damages and to obtain a sufficient dynamic stability, independent of the amount of the petrol in fuel tank. Practical implications Flying targets should be speedy, maneuverable, cheap, easy in deployment and multi-recoverable (if not destroyed by live ammunition), must have relatively low take-off weight and an endurance of at least 1 h. This paper can be useful for proper selection of requirements and preliminary design parameters to make the design process more economically effective. Originality/value This paper presents very efficient methods of assessing the design parameters of flying targets, especially in an early stage of the design process. Stability computations are performed based on equations of motion and are supplemented by flight tests using the scaled flying models. It can be considered as an original, not typical, but very practical approach because it delivers lots of data in the early design stages at relatively low cost.

Platelet Anti-Aggregating Activity and Tolerance of Clopidogrel in Atherosclerotic Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (06) ◽  
pp. 0939-0943 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Boneu ◽  
G Destelle ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Antithrombotic Activity ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ischemic Events ◽  
Large Scale Clinical Trial ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe anti-aggregating activity of five rising doses of clopidogrel has been compared to that of ticlopidine in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the dose of clopidogrel which should be tested in a large scale clinical trial of secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients suffering from vascular manifestations of atherosclerosis [CAPRIE (Clopidogrel vs Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events) trial]. A multicenter study involving 9 haematological laboratories and 29 clinical centers was set up. One hundred and fifty ambulatory patients were randomized into one of the seven following groups: clopidogrel at doses of 10, 25, 50,75 or 100 mg OD, ticlopidine 250 mg BID or placebo. ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation tests were performed before starting treatment and after 7 and 28 days. Bleeding time was performed on days 0 and 28. Patients were seen on days 0, 7 and 28 to check the clinical and biological tolerability of the treatment. Clopidogrel exerted a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and bleeding time prolongation. In the presence of ADP (5 \lM) this inhibition ranged between 29% and 44% in comparison to pretreatment values. The bleeding times were prolonged by 1.5 to 1.7 times. These effects were non significantly different from those produced by ticlopidine. The clinical tolerability was good or fair in 97.5% of the patients. No haematological adverse events were recorded. These results allowed the selection of 75 mg once a day to evaluate and compare the antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel to that of aspirin in the CAPRIE trial.

Effiecency criterion for selection of design parameters of aerospace system

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2(99)) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
D.S. Kalynychenko ◽  
◽  
Ye.Yu. Baranov ◽  
M.V. Poluian ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Parameters ◽  
Selection Of

Konkurrenz zwischen Stieleiche und Buche auf Lothar-Sturmflächen | Competition between pedunculate oak and European beech on Lothar windthrow areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Otto ◽  
Sven Wagner ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Competition Index

The competitive pressure of naturally regenerated European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings on planted pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) was investigated on two 1.8 ha permanent plots near Habsburg and Murten (Switzerland). The plots were established with the aim to test methods of artificial oak regeneration after large-scale windthrow. On both plots, 80 oaks exposed to varying levels of competitive pressure from at most 10 neighbouring beech trees were selected. The height of each oak as well as stem and branch diameters were measured. The competitive pressure was assessed using Schütz's competition index, which is based on relative tree height, crown overlap and distance from competing neighbours. Oak trees growing without or with only slight competition from beech were equally tall, while oaks exposed to moderate to strong competition were smaller. A threshold value for the competition index was found above which oak height decreased strongly. The stem and branch diameters of the oaks started to decrease even if the competition from beech was slight, and decreased much further with more competition. The oak stems started to become more slender even with only slight competition from beech. On the moderately acid beech sites studied here, beech grow taller faster than oak. Thus where beech is competing with oak and the aim is to maintain the oak, competitive pressure on the oak must be reduced at an early stage. The degree of the intervention should, however, take the individual competitive interaction into account, with more intervention if the competition is strong.

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