scholarly journals Studies on the Development and Osteology of Some New Zealand Inshore Fishes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
J G Ruck
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Size Standard

<p>This study deals principally with the problems involved in the identification of the early stages of tripterygiid, clinid and gobiesocid fish in the Cook Strait region, New Zealand. The nomenclature of 7 tripterygiid and 4 clinid species is reviewed to assist in the identification of the developmental stages. Those species reviewed are preceded by an asterisk in the list included later in this abstract. The adult osteology of Forsterygion varium (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) is described and illustrated in detail, together with the osteology of the larvae and prejuveniles at different stages of development. The adult osteology is compared with that of other blennioid fishes. In F. varium the skeletal elements begin to form over a wide range of larval sizes and full adult osteological characters are acquired at a variable time after prejuvenile development is reached. Functionally related elements tend to attain their adult form at about the same size. There is no correlation between the size at initial ossification and the endochondral or dermal origin of a bone. Elements of the vertebral column and median fins develop sequentially and therefore provide (in tripterygiids) an index of development which is useful in comparing the larval stages of different species. The embryological stages of 5 tripterygiid and 3 gobiesocid fish are described and illustrated in detail. Species studied are: Forsterygion capito (Tripterygion capito) (Jenyns, 1842), Forsterygion nigripenne (Tripterygion robustum) (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836), Forsterygion varium (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 180I), Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879), G. tripennis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Trachelochisnus melobesia Phillipps, 1927, T. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson, 1846). The eggs of all species are laid on submerged objects in clusters of 20-3000 eggs in shallow coastal water. Eggs are attended by an adult fish until hatching occurs. Prolarvae are well developed with fully pigmented eyes, functional jaws and reduced yolk-sacs, and are therefore useful in linking later larval stages with adults. An assessment of the general problems encountered in the identification of larvae and prejuveniles is presented with attention given to the fish in this study. The larval and prejuvenile stages of 1O tripterygiid, 4 clinid and 9 gobiesocid species are described and illustrated in detail. Those described are -Tripterygiidae:*Forsterygion variun (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *F. nigripenne (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836), *F. capito (Jenyns, 1842), *Tripterygion segmentatum McCulloch and Phillipps, 1923, *Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879), *G. tripennis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *Helcogramma medium (in part Gunther, 1861), two Helcogramma species, new tripterygiid species (genus not certain); Clinidae: *Notoclinus compressus (Hutton, 1872), *N. fenestratus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *Ericentrusrubrus (Hutton, 1872), *Cologrammus flavescens (Hutton, 1872); Gobiesocidae: Trachelochismus melobesia Phillipps, 1927, T. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson, 1846), Diplocrepis puniceus (South Island form), Gastroscyphus hectoris (Gunther, 1876), Gastroscyphus species, Gastrocyathus gracilis Briggs, 1955, Dellichthys morelandi Briggs, 1955, Haplocylix littoreus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801). A key to the larvae and prejuveniles of the above species is included. Closely related tripterygiid species with very similar larval stages were identified mainly, by considering myomere counts and by consistent differences in size (standard length) at given stages of development. In contrast clinid and gobiesocid larvae from unrelated adults were readily distinguished by a wide range of characteristics. Larvae and prejuveniles were collected using standard equipment such as nylon mesh plankton nets and light-traps. A light-trap designed specifically for collecting larvae is described in detail in the appendix. An annotated bibliography of New Zealand teleost eggs and larvae is presented in the appendix with reference to 70 marine and freshwater species.</p>

scholarly journals Studies on the Development and Osteology of Some New Zealand Inshore Fishes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
J G Ruck
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Size Standard

<p>This study deals principally with the problems involved in the identification of the early stages of tripterygiid, clinid and gobiesocid fish in the Cook Strait region, New Zealand. The nomenclature of 7 tripterygiid and 4 clinid species is reviewed to assist in the identification of the developmental stages. Those species reviewed are preceded by an asterisk in the list included later in this abstract. The adult osteology of Forsterygion varium (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) is described and illustrated in detail, together with the osteology of the larvae and prejuveniles at different stages of development. The adult osteology is compared with that of other blennioid fishes. In F. varium the skeletal elements begin to form over a wide range of larval sizes and full adult osteological characters are acquired at a variable time after prejuvenile development is reached. Functionally related elements tend to attain their adult form at about the same size. There is no correlation between the size at initial ossification and the endochondral or dermal origin of a bone. Elements of the vertebral column and median fins develop sequentially and therefore provide (in tripterygiids) an index of development which is useful in comparing the larval stages of different species. The embryological stages of 5 tripterygiid and 3 gobiesocid fish are described and illustrated in detail. Species studied are: Forsterygion capito (Tripterygion capito) (Jenyns, 1842), Forsterygion nigripenne (Tripterygion robustum) (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836), Forsterygion varium (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 180I), Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879), G. tripennis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Trachelochisnus melobesia Phillipps, 1927, T. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson, 1846). The eggs of all species are laid on submerged objects in clusters of 20-3000 eggs in shallow coastal water. Eggs are attended by an adult fish until hatching occurs. Prolarvae are well developed with fully pigmented eyes, functional jaws and reduced yolk-sacs, and are therefore useful in linking later larval stages with adults. An assessment of the general problems encountered in the identification of larvae and prejuveniles is presented with attention given to the fish in this study. The larval and prejuvenile stages of 1O tripterygiid, 4 clinid and 9 gobiesocid species are described and illustrated in detail. Those described are -Tripterygiidae:*Forsterygion variun (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *F. nigripenne (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836), *F. capito (Jenyns, 1842), *Tripterygion segmentatum McCulloch and Phillipps, 1923, *Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879), *G. tripennis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *Helcogramma medium (in part Gunther, 1861), two Helcogramma species, new tripterygiid species (genus not certain); Clinidae: *Notoclinus compressus (Hutton, 1872), *N. fenestratus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), *Ericentrusrubrus (Hutton, 1872), *Cologrammus flavescens (Hutton, 1872); Gobiesocidae: Trachelochismus melobesia Phillipps, 1927, T. pinnulatus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), Diplocrepis puniceus (Richardson, 1846), Diplocrepis puniceus (South Island form), Gastroscyphus hectoris (Gunther, 1876), Gastroscyphus species, Gastrocyathus gracilis Briggs, 1955, Dellichthys morelandi Briggs, 1955, Haplocylix littoreus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801). A key to the larvae and prejuveniles of the above species is included. Closely related tripterygiid species with very similar larval stages were identified mainly, by considering myomere counts and by consistent differences in size (standard length) at given stages of development. In contrast clinid and gobiesocid larvae from unrelated adults were readily distinguished by a wide range of characteristics. Larvae and prejuveniles were collected using standard equipment such as nylon mesh plankton nets and light-traps. A light-trap designed specifically for collecting larvae is described in detail in the appendix. An annotated bibliography of New Zealand teleost eggs and larvae is presented in the appendix with reference to 70 marine and freshwater species.</p>

scholarly journals Diet-Derived Variations in Radiocarbon and Stable Isotopes: A Case Study from Shag River Mouth, New Zealand

Radiocarbon ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Higham ◽  
Atholl Anderson ◽  
Christopher Bronk Ramsey ◽  
Christine Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Cultural Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dietary Variation ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Dietary Food

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) determinations of rat bones from natural and cultural sites in New Zealand have produced ages at odds with the accepted date for early human settlement by over 1000 yr. Since rats are a human commensal, this implies either an earlier visitation by people or problems with the reliability of the AMS determinations. One explanation for the extreme ages is dietary variation involving movement of depleted radiocarbon through dietary food chains to rats. To investigate this, we 14C dated fauna from the previously well-dated site of Shag River Mouth. The faunal remains were of species that consumed carbon derived from a variety of environments within the orbit of the site, including the estuary, river, land, and sea. The 14C results showed a wide range in age among estuarine and freshwater species. Terrestrial and marine organisms produced ages within expectations. We also found differences between bone dated using the Oxford ultrafiltration method and those treated using the filtered gelatin method. This implies that contamination could also be of greater importance than previously thought.

Natural enemies of bridal creeper Asparagus asparagoides in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
H.M. Harman ◽  
N.W. Waipara ◽  
C.J. Winks ◽  
L.A. Smith ◽  
P.G. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Invertebrate Fauna ◽  
Classical Biocontrol ◽  
Wide Range

Bridal creeper is a weed of natural and productive areas in the northern North Island of New Zealand A classical biocontrol programme was initiated in 20052007 with a survey of invertebrate fauna and pathogens associated with the weed in New Zealand Although bridal creeper was attacked by a wide range of generalist invertebrates their overall damage affected

Feeding ecology of Symbolophorus californiensis larvae (Teleostei: Myctophidae) in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiyuki Sassa
Keyword(s):  
Transition Region ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Trophic Niche ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Wide Range

The feeding habits of myctophid larvae of Symbolophorus californiensis were examined in the southern transition region of the western North Pacific where the main spawning and nursery grounds of S. californiensis are formed. This species is a key component of the pelagic ecosystems of this region, and their larvae attain one of the largest sizes among myctophids. To analyse gut contents larvae, including most life history stages after yolk-sac absorption (3.7 to 22.2 mm body length (BL)), were collected in the upper 100 m layer in 1997 and 1998. Feeding incidence was higher during the day than at night (53.1–92.3% versus 0–5.6%), and daytime feeding incidence increased gradually with larval growth. Larvae fed mainly on copepods of various developmental stages. Larvae of S. californiensis showed an ontogenetic change in their diet: larvae ≤7.9 mm BL (i.e. preflexion stage) fed mainly on copepod eggs and nauplii, while the larvae ≥8 mm BL consumed mainly calanoid copepodites such as Pseudocalanus and Paracalanus spp. In the largest size-class (16–22.2 mm BL), the furcilia stage of euphausiids was also an important prey item. There was an increase in the average prey size with growth in larvae ≤11.9 mm BL, while the number of prey eaten positively correlated with growth in larvae ≥12 mm BL. The trophic niche breadth also increased with larval growth, which would ensure a wide range of available food resources for the larger size-class larvae.

scholarly journals Seasonal occurrence of some larval stages of endoparasites in three cyprinids from the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, the Limpopo River System, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Mbokane ◽  
J. Theron ◽  
W. J. Luus-Powell
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
River System ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Third Stage

Abstract This study provides information on seasonal occurrence of developmental stages of endoparasites infecting three cyprinids in the Nwanedi-Luphephe dams, Limpopo River System. Labeobarbus marequensis (Smith, 1841), Barbus trimaculatus Peters, 1852 and Barbus radiatus Peters, 1853 were investigated seasonally from January 2008 to October 2008. The following larvae of metazoan parasites were collected: Diplostomum sp. from the eyes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus; Ornithodiplostomum sp. from the gills of B. trimaculatus; Posthodiplostomum sp. from muscle, skin and fins of B. trimaculatus and B. radiatus; third-stage Contracaecum larvae (L3) from the mesentery fats and on the liver lobes of L. marequensis and B. trimaculatus and gryporynchid cestode larvae from the outer intestinal wall of B. radiatus. All the flukes encountered were metacercariae. Diplostomum sp. and Contracaecum sp. dominated the parasite communities. Their prevalence exhibited seasonal fluctuations with maxima in summer. Factors likely to influence fish infection such as the body size of fish and their condition factors were also briefly considered in this study.

The Australia and New Zealand v Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Award of the First Law of the Sea Convention Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kwiatkowska
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Compulsory Arbitration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Future ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Southern Bluefin Tuna

AbstractThe Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissihilily) Award of 4 August 2000 marked the first instance of the application of compulsory arbitration under Part XV, Section 2 of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and of the exercise by the Annex VII Tribunal of la compétence de la compétence pursuant to Article 288(4) over the merits of the instant dispute. The 72-paragraph Award is a decision of pronounced procedural complexity and significant multifaceted impacts of which appreciation requires an in-depth acquaintance with procedural issues of peaceful settlement of disputes in general and the-law-of-the-sea-related disputes in particular. Therefore, the article surveys first the establishment of and the course of proceedings before the five-member Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by the immediate former ICJ President, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, and also comprising Judges Keith, Yamada. Feliciano and Tresselt. Subsequently, the wide range of specific paramount questions and answers of the Tribunal are scrutinised against the background of arguments advanced by the applicants (Australia and New Zealand) and the respondent (Japan) during both written and oral pleadings, including in reliance on the extensive ICJ jurisprudence and treaty practice concerned. On this basis, the article turns to an appraisal of the impacts of the Arbitral Tribunal's paramount holdings and its resultant dismissal of jurisdiction with the scrupulous regard for the fundamental principle of consensuality. Amongst such direct impacts as between the parties to the instant case, the inducements provided by the Award to reach a successful settlement in the future are of particular importance. The Award's indirect impacts concern exposition of the paramount doctrine of parallelism between the umbrella UN Convention and many compatible (fisheries, environmental and other) treaties, as well as of multifaceted, both substantial and procedural effects of that parallelism. All those contributions will importantly guide other courts and tribunals seised in the future under the Convention's Part XV, Section 2.

Ustilago hypodytes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Root System ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication ◽  
Established Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago hypodytes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of Agropyron (many), Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus (many), Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa (many), Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa (many), and Trisetum. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).

History of non-physician anaesthesia providers in Papua New Guinea: from heil tultuls to Anaesthetic Scientific Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 0310057X2110278
Author(s):  
Terence E Loughnan ◽  
Michael G Cooper ◽  
Pauline B Wake ◽  
Harry Aigeeleng
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Medical Assistants ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

The most recent estimates, published in 2016, have indicated that around 70% of anaesthesia providers in Papua New Guinea are non-physician anaesthetic providers and that they administer over 90% of anaesthetics, with a significant number unsupervised by a physician anaesthetist. Papua New Guinea has a physician anaesthetist ratio estimated to be 0.25 per 100,000 population, while Australia and New Zealand have a ratio of 19 physician anaesthetists per 100,000, which is 75 times that of Papua New Guinea. To reach a ratio of seven per 100,000, recommended as the minimum acceptable by the Lancet Commission in 2016, there will need to be over 35 practitioners trained per annum until 2030, at a time when the average annual numbers of recent years are less than three physicians and less than five non-physician anaesthetic providers. We review the development of anaesthesia administered by non-physician indigenous staff and the stages of development from heil tultuls, dokta bois, liklik doktas, native medical assistants, aid post orderlies, and Anaesthetic Technical Officers up to the current Anaesthetic Scientific Officers having attained the Diploma in Anaesthetic Science from the University of Papua New Guinea.

Larval development of the stygobitic shrimp Creaseria morleyi (Creaser, 1936) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Sergio A Benítez ◽  
Thomas M Iliffe ◽  
Salvador Martínez ◽  
Juan Carlos Ojeda ◽  
José Luis Villalobos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Yucatan Peninsula ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Yucatán Peninsula ◽  
Anchialine Caves

Abstract Although the larval development of epigean palaemonid shrimps has been studied extensively, only a few investigations deal with stygobitic species. We present the larval development of the cave-adapted Creaseria morleyi (Creaser, 1936) from anchialine caves in the Tulum area, Quintana Roo, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Through the discovery of a series of larvae at different stages of development, we constructed a sequence extending through the juvenile stage. The larvae (41) were captured in plankton tows above the halocline at depths ranging between 11 and 15 m during eight surveys conducted between 2013 and 2016. Six larval stages and the first juvenile were identified; however, it is clear from the gradual modification of structures and appendages that more stages exist. The first larvae have a large quantity of vitellum and do not feed, since they have only rudimentary, and possibly non-functional, mouthparts. In the sixth stage and the juvenile, when the stages have no vitellum left, the mouthparts, chelae, and pleopods develop entirely. A comparison with other palaemonid shrimps suggests that C. morleyi has a greater affinity with those palaemonid species possessing extended larval development as is seen in species of MacrobrachiumSpence Bate, 1868.

The morphology of the British Prostriata with particular reference to Ixodes hexagonus Leach. II

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Basis Capituli

The palps of all stages of Ixodes trianguliceps are provided with a ventral plate below the basal article; formerly this plate was thought to be the first palpal article. This article in the larva and nymph is produced forward into a spur, but in the female tick this spur is incorporated into the basis capituli as the sella. The hypostomes of I. trianguliceps and I. canisuga are redescribed to clear up existing inaccuracies.Ticks in which the rostrum does not extend beyond the apex of the first palpal article are found on birds, and this probably represents a primitive condition. Those with palpal spurs, which may or may not be fused with the basis capituli, are found on birds (not in Britain) or on mammals of the mouse size group, and those where the rostrum is produced beyond the first palpal article occur on a wide range of large and small animals. The longer and more heavily toothed digits of ticks appear to be associated with a wide host range and vice versa. The structure of the digit may also influence the choice of attachment sites by ticks on their hosts because the microstructure of the skin varies in different parts.Variations in size and form of the scuta of some British ticks are described, and the mean growth rate is ascertained from this data. The information shows that the material of I. ricinus and I. hexagonus is homogeneous, and that specific differences occur in size, shape, the position and type of dermal ducts and in the relation between scutal and alloscutal bristles.The morphology of Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is described. It consists of a basal sac-like portion surmounted by four horns and lined with a cuticle beneath an epithelium. The gland is a proliferation of the epithelium and located near the bifurcation of the base into the horns. A watery refractile fluid, secreted by the gland, accumulates between the epidermis and the cuticle in the horn-like extensions. Proximally the thick endocuticle and epidermis lie close together, and two cuticularized rods penetrate the endocuticle for about half-way along the stalk. The rods arise from the postero-dorsal margin of the basis capituli. Muscles, arising from the free ends of the rods, pass back to near the hind-margin of the scutum; they retract the basis capituli after egg laying and indirectly assist in the retraction of Gené's organ. A suggested mechanism for everting Gené's organ in I. hexagonus is outlined.During feeding the opisthosomatic cuticle of all developmental stages of the tick is much stretched. In the larva, where the cuticle is thin, this is effected by the flattening of the epicuticular pleats, but nymphs and females have, in addition, two longitudinal folds alongside the body which stretch to a far greater extent than do the epicuticular pleats. Similar folds are present between the hard ventral plates and the scutum and between the epimeral and median plates in the male. Coupled with the large size of the male digit, this suggests that morphologically, at least, males can imbibe blood.The growth of the leg segments of I. hexagonus is not constant from stage to stage, and as a result the shortest ‘leg-length’ of the female exceeds the longest ‘leg-length’ of the male.

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