scholarly journals Selected facets of the fishing industry (early 1963)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ewen Bruce Macpherson McCann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intervention Price ◽  
Optimum Scale ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

<p>Consumer demand, retail distribution and the export trade are important aspects of the New Zealand Commercial Fishery which are outside the specific boundaries of this enquiry. It is a study in government intervention, price negotiation and supply. In analysing these three facets of the industry it was impossible to ignore the other three so they have been treated incidentally where a discussion of them was necessary to understand the central theme. There is scope for additional research into each of the above topics, perhaps more especially into administrative decision making when non economic objectives are involved and also into the optimum scale of plant given the cost conditions that apply to the industry. However, it is hoped that this essay goes part of the way towards meeting the need for fundamental economic research into an industry which periodically attracts the attention of the public, policy makers and Government. Parliament has set up three committees in the past twenty-six years to examine the industry.</p>

scholarly journals Selected facets of the fishing industry (early 1963)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ewen Bruce Macpherson McCann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intervention Price ◽  
Optimum Scale ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

<p>Consumer demand, retail distribution and the export trade are important aspects of the New Zealand Commercial Fishery which are outside the specific boundaries of this enquiry. It is a study in government intervention, price negotiation and supply. In analysing these three facets of the industry it was impossible to ignore the other three so they have been treated incidentally where a discussion of them was necessary to understand the central theme. There is scope for additional research into each of the above topics, perhaps more especially into administrative decision making when non economic objectives are involved and also into the optimum scale of plant given the cost conditions that apply to the industry. However, it is hoped that this essay goes part of the way towards meeting the need for fundamental economic research into an industry which periodically attracts the attention of the public, policy makers and Government. Parliament has set up three committees in the past twenty-six years to examine the industry.</p>

Animal Welfare and the Wto: The Legality and Implications of Live Export Restrictions under International Trade Law

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Chaudhri
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
The Public ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Export Restrictions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Live Export

In Australia, controversial incidents regarding the treatment of live animals exported from Australia spark regular debate on whether the live export trade should be banned or more tightly regulated. Government responses to public outcry often take the form of restrictions on the trade of the animals concerned, but the legality of unilateral measures of this kind is yet to be directly considered by the World Trade Organization's Appellate Body. This article examines the legality of imposing restrictions on live export under the international trade law regime set up by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (‘GATT’),1 and in particular, whether such measures could be justified under Article XX. In exploring this question, special attention is given to the Australian government's new regulatory framework, as introduced by the Export Control (Animals) Amendment Order 2012 (No 1), which imposes an exporter supply chain assurance obligation on Australian suppliers. In addition, in light of the continued calls from animal welfare groups to ban the trade entirely, the legality of a complete moratorium on live exports will also be considered. Although the exceptions in Articles XX(b) and XX(g) of the GATT appear to be relevant to live exports, ultimately any regulation might be best supported under the ‘public morals’ exception in Article XX(a). However, care will need to be taken in the design of any restriction to avoid breaching the strict chapeau requirements of Article XX.

scholarly journals Presidential Address, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, Friday, July 30th, 1880

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (115) ◽  
pp. 327-342
Author(s):  
George W. Mould
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Argument ◽  
The Cost

A question that has been prominently before the public for the past few years, and which has not always been discussed with the cool reason so weighty a subject demands, is the control, custody, and treatment of the insane community known as private patients; and for the purpose of present argument I class those patients as private patients whose cost is defrayed without aid from the State—either in the matter of board, lodging, or attendance; for though private patients who reside in hospitals for the insane receive this aid, the building in which they reside is provided from special funds (and most hospitals have a small income from invested funds or annual subscriptions), it amounts to very little, and is absorbed in the free cost, or mitigation in the cost of maintenance, of a few patients. In speaking of lunatic hospitals, I leave out of the question the great Hospital of Bethlem, where the maintenance of the patients is entirely defrayed from the funds of the charity.

scholarly journals Public-Private Partnership: Toward More Effective International Development Cooperation

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 533-555
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Wu Zetao
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
International Development Cooperation

In the 21st century, the traditional model of official development assistance (ODA) promoted by developed countries is faced with many challenges. One of them is the emergence of the “public-private partnership (PPP)” model for international development cooperation (IDC), which has become increasingly popular among developed countries and international organizations over the past decade. This article explores the origin, meaning, and mechanism of the PPP model, and discusses the major obstacles it encounters in practice. The article also compares PPP with China’s “development package” model, and puts forward some policy recommendations on China’s participation in IDC. Although China is a pioneer in carrying out public-private cooperation in international development, it needs to fully reflect on its experience, so as to formulate clearer guiding principles and management rules on public-private cooperation. It is also imperative for the country to set up relevant institutions and mechanisms to promote PPP practices.

Informed Consent Should Be a Required Element for Newborn Screening, Even for Disorders with High Benefit-Risk Ratios

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Fost
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Genomic Screening ◽  
Parental Refusal ◽  
High Benefit ◽  
Risk Ratios

Over-enthusiastic newborn screening has often caused substantial harm and has been imposed on the public without adequate information on benefits and risks and without parental consent. This problem will become worse when genomic screening is implemented. For the past 40 years, there has been broad agreement about the criteria for ethically responsible screening, but the criteria have been systematically ignored by policy makers and practitioners. Claims of high benefit and low risk are common, but they require precise definition and documentation, which has often not occurred, undermining claims that involuntary testing is justified. Even when the benefits and risks are well established, it does not automatically follow that involuntary testing is justified, a position supported by the widespread tolerance for parental refusal of immunizations and newborn screening.

scholarly journals The Editor’s Note: A new day for young children?

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Rafael Heller
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Early Education ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Federal Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past

Federal support for early education receives strong bipartisan support from parents and from voters in general, says Rafael Heller. However, such support in the past has not always led to concrete reforms. Will the COVID-19 crisis galvanize the public and policy makers to act?.

Abstract 22: Impact Of Drug Policy On Regional Trends In Ezetimibe Use

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Lu ◽  
Harlan Krumholz ◽  
Jack Tu ◽  
Dennis Ko ◽  
Joseph Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time Point

Background: Ezetimibe use has gradually but steadily increased in Canada during the past decade even with the absence of outcomes evidence. Among the 4 most populated provinces in Canada, there is a gradient in the restrictiveness of ezetimibe in the public-funded formularies (most strict to least strict: British Columbia (BC), Alberta (AB), Quebec (QC) and Ontario (ON)). We examined ezetimibe use trends in these 4 provinces in the period before and after the ENHANCE trial, which was published in January 2008 to better understand the association between use and formulary restrictiveness. Methods: We conducted a population-level observational cohort study using the data collected by IMS Health Canada’s CompuScript Audit® from June 1, 2003 to December 31, 2012. The main outcome measure was monthly ezetimibe expenditures, which were used as a proxy for the total number of prescriptions. The differences in ezetimibe-associated expenditures between the 4 provinces were tested using a linear regression model with interaction effects for province and time. Results: The monthly population standardized ezetimibe-associated costs increased in different patterns in the 4 provinces over the past decade. From June 2003 to December 2012, BC had the lowest monthly increasing rate from $ 261 to $21,926 ($190/100,000 population/month), ON had the most rapid monthly increase from $223 to $ 74,030 ($ 647/100,000 population/month) and QC from $ 130 to $ 59,690 ($522/100,000 population/month) and AB from $ 356 to $ 37604 ($327/100,000 population/month) were in between. (P<0.001) The cost for ezetimibe appeared to increase steadily in QC over the study period. In contrast, the increasing rate began declining in BC, AB and ON at the time point which coincided with the publication of ENHANCE. Conclusions: Distinct patterns of ezetimibe use emerged within the 4 biggest provinces in Canada, which was associated with the restrictiveness of their publicly-funded drug formularies. Without the support of clinical outcomes evidence, ezetimibe remains commonly used in the provinces with least strict formularies (QC and ON). In contrast, the use of ezetimibe seemed to plateau post-ENHANCE in BC and AB, which have more restrictive formularies. The strictness of the drug formulary appears to be influencing ezetimibe prescribing in Canada.

Editor's Introduction to Part Two, "Crossing the Rivers of Time and Oceans of Culture: The Uses of Film in American-East Asian Relations"

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Charles Hayford
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analytic Truth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe Editor's Introduction to Part One of this two-part theme issue described the articles and offered thoughts on ways of looking at film in American-East Asian relations. This essay, the Introduction to Part Two, weighs the rewards and problems of using fiction film to represent history and other cultures. The dilemma inherent in fiction is that if we portray the past and foreign cultures as being "just like us," we gain immediacy and connection, but at the cost of ignoring cultural difference and historical change. On the other hand, if we respect the "strangeness of the past," we gain authenticity, analytic truth, and responsibility but invite sterility, academic solipsism, and isolation from the public. The essay concludes with a list of questions on how to learn about art, politics, and business when we compare film cultures and national projects across the Pacific.

The Prognosis in Drug Addiction

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (455) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legislative Measures

The problem of drug addiction is numerically a relatively minor one in this country at the present time, although the effects on the patients concerned, particularly as a considerable proportion belong to the medical and allied professions, are profound. The Interdepartmental Committee on Drug Addiction in its Report (1961) attributed our relative freedom from the problem largely to the present attitude of the public towards drugs and to the systematic enforcement of the current Dangerous Drugs legislation. In the U.S.A., on the other hand, drug addiction is a matter of national concern and there the hand of the physician treating drug addiction is controlled by Federal legislation. Tremendous efforts have been made, with only a limited degree of success, to diminish its incidence particularly during the past twenty years. Legislative measures, notably the Harrison Act of 1914, have been introduced; national committees have been set up to discuss the problem; and two hospitals (Lexington, in Kentucky, and Fort Worth) both entirely devoted to the treatment of drug addiction, have been established. As a direct result of these efforts a considerable amount of valuable information concerning drug addiction has become available, particularly as a result of the work of Isbell and his colleagues at Lexington Hospital. The addictive properties of new preparations have been assessed; the metabolic, pharmacological and biochemical aspects of drug addiction have been investigated, and research into the psychological mechanisms underlying drug addiction has been carried out.

scholarly journals Necessity under construction – societal weighing rationality in the appraisal of health care technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Tineke Kleinhout-Vliek ◽  
Antoinette de Bont ◽  
Bert Boer
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Appraisal Committee ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
National Health Care ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Patient Representative

Abstract Health care coverage decisions may employ many different considerations, which are brought together across two phases. The assessment phase examines the available scientific evidence, such as the cost-effectiveness, of the technology. The appraisal then contextualises this evidence to arrive at an (advised) coverage decision, but little is known about how this is done. In the Netherlands, the appraisal is set up to achieve a societal weighing and is the primary place where need- and solidarity-related (‘necessity’) argumentations are used. To elucidate how the Dutch appraisal committee ‘constructs necessity’, we analysed observations and recordings of two appraisal committee meetings at the National Health Care Institute, the corresponding documents (five), and interviews with committee members and policy makers (13 interviewees in 12 interviews), with attention to specific necessity argumentations. The Dutch appraisal committee constructs necessity in four phases: (1) allowing explicit criteria to steer the process; (2) allowing patient (representative) contributions to challenge the process; (3) bringing new argumentations in from outside and weaving them together; and (4) formulating recommendations to societal stakeholders. We argue that in these ways, the appraisal committee achieves societal weighing rationality, as the committee actively uses argumentations from society and embeds the decision outcome in society.

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