Abstract 22: Impact Of Drug Policy On Regional Trends In Ezetimibe Use

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Lu ◽  
Harlan Krumholz ◽  
Jack Tu ◽  
Dennis Ko ◽  
Joseph Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time Point

Background: Ezetimibe use has gradually but steadily increased in Canada during the past decade even with the absence of outcomes evidence. Among the 4 most populated provinces in Canada, there is a gradient in the restrictiveness of ezetimibe in the public-funded formularies (most strict to least strict: British Columbia (BC), Alberta (AB), Quebec (QC) and Ontario (ON)). We examined ezetimibe use trends in these 4 provinces in the period before and after the ENHANCE trial, which was published in January 2008 to better understand the association between use and formulary restrictiveness. Methods: We conducted a population-level observational cohort study using the data collected by IMS Health Canada’s CompuScript Audit® from June 1, 2003 to December 31, 2012. The main outcome measure was monthly ezetimibe expenditures, which were used as a proxy for the total number of prescriptions. The differences in ezetimibe-associated expenditures between the 4 provinces were tested using a linear regression model with interaction effects for province and time. Results: The monthly population standardized ezetimibe-associated costs increased in different patterns in the 4 provinces over the past decade. From June 2003 to December 2012, BC had the lowest monthly increasing rate from $ 261 to $21,926 ($190/100,000 population/month), ON had the most rapid monthly increase from $223 to $ 74,030 ($ 647/100,000 population/month) and QC from $ 130 to $ 59,690 ($522/100,000 population/month) and AB from $ 356 to $ 37604 ($327/100,000 population/month) were in between. (P<0.001) The cost for ezetimibe appeared to increase steadily in QC over the study period. In contrast, the increasing rate began declining in BC, AB and ON at the time point which coincided with the publication of ENHANCE. Conclusions: Distinct patterns of ezetimibe use emerged within the 4 biggest provinces in Canada, which was associated with the restrictiveness of their publicly-funded drug formularies. Without the support of clinical outcomes evidence, ezetimibe remains commonly used in the provinces with least strict formularies (QC and ON). In contrast, the use of ezetimibe seemed to plateau post-ENHANCE in BC and AB, which have more restrictive formularies. The strictness of the drug formulary appears to be influencing ezetimibe prescribing in Canada.

scholarly journals Selected facets of the fishing industry (early 1963)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ewen Bruce Macpherson McCann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intervention Price ◽  
Optimum Scale ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

<p>Consumer demand, retail distribution and the export trade are important aspects of the New Zealand Commercial Fishery which are outside the specific boundaries of this enquiry. It is a study in government intervention, price negotiation and supply. In analysing these three facets of the industry it was impossible to ignore the other three so they have been treated incidentally where a discussion of them was necessary to understand the central theme. There is scope for additional research into each of the above topics, perhaps more especially into administrative decision making when non economic objectives are involved and also into the optimum scale of plant given the cost conditions that apply to the industry. However, it is hoped that this essay goes part of the way towards meeting the need for fundamental economic research into an industry which periodically attracts the attention of the public, policy makers and Government. Parliament has set up three committees in the past twenty-six years to examine the industry.</p>

scholarly journals Presidential Address, delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association, Friday, July 30th, 1880

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (115) ◽  
pp. 327-342
Author(s):  
George W. Mould
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Argument ◽  
The Cost

A question that has been prominently before the public for the past few years, and which has not always been discussed with the cool reason so weighty a subject demands, is the control, custody, and treatment of the insane community known as private patients; and for the purpose of present argument I class those patients as private patients whose cost is defrayed without aid from the State—either in the matter of board, lodging, or attendance; for though private patients who reside in hospitals for the insane receive this aid, the building in which they reside is provided from special funds (and most hospitals have a small income from invested funds or annual subscriptions), it amounts to very little, and is absorbed in the free cost, or mitigation in the cost of maintenance, of a few patients. In speaking of lunatic hospitals, I leave out of the question the great Hospital of Bethlem, where the maintenance of the patients is entirely defrayed from the funds of the charity.

An Aristocrat of the Spirit. Touches to the Creative Portrait of Prof. Dsc. Andrey Pantev

Epohi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Avreyski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
World History ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After

In the article an attempt for a creative and civic portrait of the most popular Bulgarian historian and one of our most respected intellectuals – Prof. DSc. Andrey Pantev (hist.), is made. The stages of his construction as a scientist are characterized. The unusual breadth of his research interests, extending to the new and modern Bulgarian, Balkan, European and world history, is outlined. His unusual style of restoring the past stands out. It is understood in his specific creative laboratory. On this basis, his elegant difference among colleagues from the professional guild is shown. Special attention is paid to his civic position before and after the beginning of the democratic renewal of the country, as well as his fascinating and artistic stay in the public space and his bright presence in the development of the new Bulgarian parliamentarism. Professor Andrey Pantev is shown as a gifted modern historian, an original scientist with his contributions in other fields of science, a prominent public figure and one of the greatest intellectuals of modern Bulgaria, as a true aristocrat of the spirit of European and world greatness.

scholarly journals Return of Benefit to Society of Publicly Funded Innovations to Combat COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802110597
Author(s):  
Helen Yu
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Cost

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, significant public funds have been invested worldwide into the research, development, and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products to combat the novel coronavirus. Traditionally, intellectual property (IP) rights have been justified in the pharmaceutical sector because of the time and cost associated with drug discovery and development. However, if (a) the cost of research for COVID-19 related innovations have largely been subsidized by the public through public research grants; (b) the time for development has been significantly reduced through publicly funded initiatives; and (c) manufacturing has been de-risked through taxpayer funded advance purchase agreements, should IP rights be asserted on innovations that have largely already been paid for by the public?. There needs to be clear legal and regulatory frameworks, informed by policy objectives such as principles of “responsible research and innovation” and “global public good,” to ensure that outcomes of publicly funded efforts can ultimately reach the intended public. Without any access and production conditions associated with the use of public efforts, worldwide supplies to medical solutions that benefited from these public initiatives can be frustrated. This article proposes a legal framework to address future access and availability problems to medical innovations that benefit from publicly funded initiatives.

scholarly journals A systematic review of population and community dietary interventions to prevent cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Thorogood ◽  
Iveta Simera ◽  
Elizabeth Dowler ◽  
Carolyn Summerbell ◽  
Eric Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost

Diet is an important factor in the causation of cancer. Previous systematic reviews of one-to-one interventions to encourage dietary change have found that such interventions can achieve modest improvements in diet. However, such interventions are resource intensive and unlikely to be good value for money at a population level. Interventions that address groups, communities or whole populations may be less resource intensive and effect change in a wider population. We report a systematic review of such interventions. We set wide inclusion criteria, including before-and-after studies and studies with a non-randomized comparison group as well as randomized trials. We found eighteen studies based in the community, seventeen based on worksites, five based in churches and one based in a supermarket. Interventions which targeted fruit and vegetable intake were most likely to be successful, particularly in worksites and churches. There was also evidence of small positive effects on reducing fat intake in worksites and churches. Overall the community-based interventions showed little effect. The studies included in the present review were generally poorly reported. Dietary changes are reported in the relatively short-term studies reviewed here but may not be sustained in the long term. The effects that we have identified are small but the reach is potentially very wide, in some cases as wide as a whole country. The cost effectiveness of such strategies remains to be evaluated.

Editor's Introduction to Part Two, "Crossing the Rivers of Time and Oceans of Culture: The Uses of Film in American-East Asian Relations"

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Charles Hayford
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Analytic Truth ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe Editor's Introduction to Part One of this two-part theme issue described the articles and offered thoughts on ways of looking at film in American-East Asian relations. This essay, the Introduction to Part Two, weighs the rewards and problems of using fiction film to represent history and other cultures. The dilemma inherent in fiction is that if we portray the past and foreign cultures as being "just like us," we gain immediacy and connection, but at the cost of ignoring cultural difference and historical change. On the other hand, if we respect the "strangeness of the past," we gain authenticity, analytic truth, and responsibility but invite sterility, academic solipsism, and isolation from the public. The essay concludes with a list of questions on how to learn about art, politics, and business when we compare film cultures and national projects across the Pacific.

scholarly journals Selected facets of the fishing industry (early 1963)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ewen Bruce Macpherson McCann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intervention Price ◽  
Optimum Scale ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

<p>Consumer demand, retail distribution and the export trade are important aspects of the New Zealand Commercial Fishery which are outside the specific boundaries of this enquiry. It is a study in government intervention, price negotiation and supply. In analysing these three facets of the industry it was impossible to ignore the other three so they have been treated incidentally where a discussion of them was necessary to understand the central theme. There is scope for additional research into each of the above topics, perhaps more especially into administrative decision making when non economic objectives are involved and also into the optimum scale of plant given the cost conditions that apply to the industry. However, it is hoped that this essay goes part of the way towards meeting the need for fundamental economic research into an industry which periodically attracts the attention of the public, policy makers and Government. Parliament has set up three committees in the past twenty-six years to examine the industry.</p>

scholarly journals Kościół katolicki wobec pamięci zbiorowej Polaków. Ciągłość i zmiana

2018 ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Paweł Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Public Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Church

The paper attempts to present the leading objectives and motives of the ‘Church’s policy of memory’ before and after 1989. The author states that, like many other institutions of public life, the Catholic Church implements its own policy to shape the collective memory of Poles, both in terms of legitimization and content. At the time of the Polish People’s Republic, the first and foremost objective of the ‘Church’s memory policy’ was to counteract the activities of the communist authorities, which were carrying out a project to restrict the Church’s influence to the narrowly understood field of the priesthood and which ultimately aimed at the atheization of Polish society. The emphasis on the historical symbiosis of Polishness and Catholicism served the purpose of defending the traditional form of Polish religiousness and providing the Church with social support in the struggle to maintain the public dimension of its influence. Despite the change in language, the present objective of the Church’s historical narration appears similar: to oppose these aspects of secularization trends that drive the Church away from public space and so intensifying the phenomenon of the privatization of faith. Whether in the past or present, the Church’s vision of the past is to secure its own stability as an institution and retain the role of a significant factor contributing to the national and state conscience of Poles.

Benefit and Risk Assessment for Having Disaster Recovery in Cloud Computing for Banking Industry: Go/No-Go Decision Making Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Krisdian Eko Sutedja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Benefit And Risk

Over the past year, we all have been showed many cloud-based solutions for so many purposes, starting from the public storage facilities to the disaster recovery solutions. We have learned that enterprises need to pay more attention to the cybersecurity, especially for the banking industry. The bank needs to encompass all that protects the bank from the attacks, breaches, disruptions, and incidents and also the consequences, but still need to reduce costs. So as the result, the solutions need to be aligned with all of the other aspects within the bank, which include the governance, management and risk assurance. The idea of having the disaster recovery in the cloud have to also consider the information security aspects, as the bank is trying to get the maximum benefit that the bank can get from the cloud like to minimize the cost needed by the bank’s activities, but still need to consider the results of the risk assessment as one of the requirement in implementing the cloud solutions. The other thing that the bank has to consider is the compliance aspect.

scholarly journals The Rise and Fall of Unions: The Public Sector and the Private

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin W Reder
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After

This paper has a single purpose: to explain why unionism (interpreted as percentage of union adherents among eligible employees) has been declining in the private sector for the past 30 to 35 years, but, for most of this period, has been increasing in the public sector. To provide this explanation, I offer an ad hoc theory. For the private sector, the paper tries to account for differences in the trends of union adherence during five “epochs”: before 1917; 1917 to 1920; 1920 to 1933; 1933 to the early 1950s; and since the early 1950s. In the public sector, two epochs are distinguished: before and after 1960. Finally, I distinguish between the public and private sectors since 1960.

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