Overcoming women’s isolation at work: The effect of organizational structure and practices on female managers’ workplace relationships

Successful career outcomes depend on maintaining positive relationships with and evaluations from supervisors and peers. Recognizing that structure frames behaviors and perceptions, this study explores the impact of organizational structure and practices on the relationships of 598 women in 298 Korean companies using longitudinal data from 2010 to 2016. The results from fixed-effects models show that corporate structure and practices shape female managers’ relationships with supervisors and peers. Gender equality practices improve relationships with both men and women. By contrast, diversity programs have negative effects on female managers’ relationships with female supervisors and peers, and work–life programs show mixed results. However, in firms with female executives and firms that encourage men to use parental leave, diversity programs and work–life practices stimulate positive relationships with both male and female supervisors and peers. This study suggests that organizational contexts, rather than intrinsic gender preferences, shape women’s relationships in the workplace.

Examining the gendered organizations: evidence of institutional discrimination

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how a group of special companies, i.e. highly acknowledged and awarded ones operating in Brazil handle the gender issue. Design/methodology/approach This investigation relies on historical analysis by addressing essentially a surface-level indicator (i.e. gender preferences). Rather, this study is grounded on data from the companies that were awarded as one of the best organizations to work for in Brazil by Época-Great Place to Work® Institute and Guia Você S/A lists (between 2012 and 2016). As a result, four organizations were selected, that is, the most representative examples of gender doing. Findings Overall, it found that the glass ceiling is apparently breaking down within at least some germane Brazilian organizations. However, data suggest that other sorts of institutional discrimination may be taking place, i.e. the one in which a feminist mindset may be permeating an organization or even a whole business sector. Under such a scenario, male workers will likely have only a few opportunities. Research limitations/implications The sample size of this study does not permit that the results be generalized. In addition, data were elicited from only a specific cohort of companies. Practical implications It was found no substantial evidence that these organizations are making strides toward at least mitigating the effects of their gender unbalance, although gender equality and, broadly speaking, diversity does not constitute a new management topic anymore. Originality/value Unlike other investigations, it encompasses a larger sample of companies, draws exclusively upon gender-based organizations and is grounded on multiple sources of information. Additionally, data revealed that gendered organizations may encompass different levels of salience.

Gender differences in work-related high mobility differentiated by partnership and parenthood status

The income situation and the division of labor in households, which are closely related to occupational mobility, are central aspects of the debate on gender equality. Women have shorter commuting times and distances than men and spend fewer nights away from their main place of residence for work-related reasons. Various studies attribute these gender differences to a gendered division of labor and the associated greater involvement of women in household tasks and childcare. Consequently, studies investigating these gender differences focus primarily on employees in relationships and the associated intra-couple interactions, while little attention is paid to singles. Based on the German Family Panel (pairfam) this research aims to broaden the scope of interpretation and examines gender differences in work-related high mobility among employees in partnerships with and without children and among singles. Logistic regression models including gender interaction terms show that gender differences exist not only among employees with partners (and children), but also among singles. The results highlight that gender differences in high mobility are due to factors related to relationships and parenthood, as well as from other factors. Gender differences in high mobility are thus not merely the result of negotiation processes or of (patriarchal) power structures in relationships and gendered labor division. They are also related to gendered occupational segregation and economic disparities and internalized gender preferences that are independent of partnership and parenthood.

Is There Evidence of Gender Preference for Offspring in France? Examining the Predilections of Native Women and Immigrant Women from Asia and Africa

This paper investigates gender preferences for offspring within the native French population and among immigrants from North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Turkey and Vietnam-Cambodia-Laos in France by combining the Family and Housing Survey (2011) and the Trajectories and Origins Survey (2008). In so doing, it is the first paper to examine the persistence (or lack thereof) of gender preferences among immigrants in France. This allows the findings of the paper to serve as a tool for monitoring the immigrant integration process in the country. Using (multilevel) logistic regressions to examine transitions to second and third child births contingent upon gender of existing children and by migration status provides two main results. First, regarding evidence of gender preferences, the results show: mixed gender preferences and weak daughter preference among native French women when transitioning to the third parity; mixed gender preferences among second-generation Turkish immigrant women when transitioning to the third parity; and a daughter preference for second-generation North African, Sub-Saharan African and Vietnamese-Laos-Cambodian immigrant women when transitioning to the third parity. Second, for the immigrant sample, these preferences emerge in the face of declining fertility, across subsequent generations of immigrants, and on average as a deviation from their country of origin gender preferences. This not only points to the malleability of gender preferences for offspring but also lends credence to both the selection and adaptation hypotheses in explaining immigrant integration in France.

Reasons Pregnant Women seek Prenatal Sonographic Gender Disclosure in Makurdi, Nigeria

Fetal gender disclosure, a non-medical prenatal ultrasonography indication, although largely ethically unjustifiable, continues to grow and thrive in demand due to its request by pregnant women. The study aims at establishing the proportion of women who want to know fetal gender during prenatal ultrasound. This was twelve months` prospective study of all pregnant women, 16weeks and above who presented at our facility for antenatal ultrasound in Makurdi from 7th May 2019 to 6th May 2020. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on factors influencing their willingness to know the gender of their unborn children. The information collated was entered into statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23.0 for analysis. P-values=0.005 was considered significant for the study population. Two hundred and fifty (250) pregnant women were recruited for the study. Majority of the women 233(93.2%) showed marked interest in knowing the gender of the fetus, while 17(6.8%) did not. The main reason for wanting to know the sex of the fetus was for easier choice of clothing and naming; whereas the main reason for not wanting sex disclosure was because any child is good. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender preferences and the other variables such as age, educational attainment, tribe and previous miscarriages (P=0.136, 0.485, 0.275 and 0.942 respectively). Majority of the women 233(93.2%) want fetal gender disclosure due to ease of choice of clothing and naming. The deliberate policy of non-disclosure on account of non-medical indication during prenatal ultrasonography is untenable in our environment.

ORTHOSTYLE OR MODERN NEUROSIS:

Problems of eating behavior and the desire for a healthy diet are topical issue today. The WHO claims that there are patterns of eating behavior that can be a harbinger of other mental illnesses. The purpose of the research: to study the emotional and behavioral mental manifestations in people with nervous orthorexia, to develop an algorithm for medical and psychological support, calculation of statistical data among respondents (200 people) as a percentage of "norm - orthorexia". Information and educational work on eating disorders among the population of Ukraine. Material and methods. ORTO-15 (according to the Institute of Food Sciences, University of Rome "La Sapienza") was used to detect people with orthorexia, which determines the obsession with healthy eating. Using the Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Questionnaire "MMPI-2", pathopsychological changes were identified, hidden individual tendencies and psychopathological experiences among a group of people with nervous orthorexia were analyzed. Socio-statistical methods were also used to analyze and compare data (age, gender, preferences, place of residence, education, physical activity). The research involved 200 respondents: 100 women and 100 men. Ukrainians from Ukraine and the diaspora were involved (87% to 13%). More than 60% of participants monitor their weight, play sports and comment on their appearance. Research findings and their discussion. Of the 200 respondents 15% with orthorexia and 15% with the borderline condition. Among men orthorexia (20%) is more common than borderline condition (16%). In women there is a reverse trend: borderline condition (14%), orthorexia - (10%). Among the identified men and women with orthorexia, a research was conducted for a detailed analysis of pathopsychological features and individual psychological trends using the MMPI-2 test: orthorexia group (women) 79% - schizophrenia, 68% - psychoasthenia, 19% - hypomania, 6% - hypochondria and psychopathy and orthorexia group (men) 81% - schizophrenia, 66% - psychoasthenia, 21% - hypomania, 8% - hypochondria and psychopathy. Conclusions. Nervous orthorexia is a modern eating disorder characterized by an obsessive desire for a healthy diet. According to a research among the Ukrainian population: young people (up to 35 years old), people with certain dietary regimes (vegans, vegetarians, pescetarians, raw eaters), people who care about their physical condition are more prone to orthorexia. There is also an association between orthorexia and age generations. Millennials and generation Z are more likely to develop this eating disorder. Also at risk are people with cycloid traits, mood swings, high anxiety and a tendency to obsessive thoughts. There is a link between orthorexia and other neurotic disorders: OCD, anxiety disorder, GAD, somatoform disorder, and variants of adult personality disorder. Eating disorders can be associated with various stressors and self-perceptions. They occur in people with low self-esteem, in people with an obsessive desire to change their own body (dysmorphomania), as a result of distorted vision of their own body. The media and society make their adjustments to beauty standards, which encourages change. According to the research, 78.4% of men and 82.3% of women want to change their appearance, which may be due to: bullying at school age for excess weight, beauty standards from TV shows, social networks and contemplation of photos with perfect figures.

GENDER PREFERENCES OF YOUTH ATHLETES FOR THEIR SPORTS MEDICINE PROVIDERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: A multidisciplinary approach is an intrinsic part of the sports medicine management process as providers, therapists and athletic trainers frequently interact to deliver optimal care to athletes both in clinic and on the sideline. Establishing effective communication and engaging athletes in the decision making process as treatment plans are developed may help increase compliance and improve health outcomes. Gender preference of patients for their providers has been found to influence patient satisfaction and health outcomes but has not been studied in depth. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify and characterize young athletes’ gender preferences for their sports medicine providers. Methods: This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Group (PRISMA) guidelines. Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL and PsycInfo databases were searched utilizing MeSH terms, with results limited to English-language publications from the year 1945 to present day. The investigators assessed study eligibility independently and limited to studies that had quantitative outcome measures related to gender preference and participants ≤ 22 years of age. The Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was utilized to assess studies for bias. Results: Six cross-sectional studies met the eligibility criteria. Across studies, there were a total of 2,159 participants with mean ages ranging from 14.7 to 21.0 years. Of the five studies that reported the gender of participants, 50.6% were female. Participants were more likely to have a preference for a gender-concordant sports medicine provider when their chief complaint was related to their genital region and/or their sexual health. Participants of both genders favored a female provider when the health issue pertained to behavioral and/or psychosocial health, such as depression. Female athletes preferred a female provider when the issue was related to body image and/or disordered eating. For strength and conditioning coaches, male athletes reported a strong preference for male providers, but female athletes did not express a gender preference. Two of the studies’ quality was categorized as “good” by the AXIS criteria and four were “fair”. Conclusions: Young athletes’ gender preference for their sports medicine providers is situation-dependent. However, there is a paucity of studies examining gender provider preferences in pediatric athletes. Further studies are necessary to address this void in the literature as this may impact health outcomes.

ROMANTIC MEDIA DISCOURSE: GENDER PREFERENCES FOR TOUCHING BEHAVIOUR

The purpose is to analyze the influence of gender on touching behaviour in a mixed dyad within romantic media discourse. The comparative study demonstrates new insights into gender-neutral and gender-specific touch cues initiated by strangers in face-to-face romantic encounters. Methods. A hybrid approach (inductive and deductive) to thematic analysis was used to interpret codes of nonverbal immediacy cues. The thematic analysis covered six stages of the coding process resulted in deriving a codebook. Qualitative interactive sociolinguistic and quantitative analyses, as well as a method of statistical evaluation of hypotheses (Pearson’s chi-square test), were used to reveal the statistical evidence for touch cues functioning.Results. The sample consisted of 24 groups of touching behaviour, which included 557 feminine and 302 masculine touch cues. The identified nonverbal cues were grouped according to the focus of the object: self-focused (eight groups) and other person focused (sixteen groups). According to the results of the study, the expected gender differences were partially supported, considering the extent of the effect size. Gender-neutral touching behaviour includes eleven groups: four groups of self-focused (clothes straightening, holding hands in front of one’s body, hair grooming, holding hands behind one’s back) and seven groups of other person focused (hugs, hand-in-hand, handshake, kiss on the cheek, clap, dancing, arm link). Thirteen groups of touching behaviour were found to be gender-specific: four self-focused (clap – initiated only by men; hand(s) on the heart, face covering, lower lip biting – initiated only by women) and nine other person focused (hand kiss, lifting up a woman, selfie – initiated only by men; conversely, caress, kiss on lips, couple rubbing noses, shoulder massage, feeding a partner with one’s fingers, jumping into partner’s arms – initiated only by women).Conclusions. Comparative analysis of touching behaviour revealed that women tended to communicate the immediacy through hand-in-hand (φ = 0.35), hair grooming (φ = 0.28), hugs (φ = 0.23), holding hands in front of one’s body (φ = 0.18), pat (φ = 0.12), hand(s) on the heart, and face covering; while men were predisposed to use clothes straightening (φ = 0.1) and hand kiss; handshake and kiss on the cheek were initiated similarly by both genders. The obtained data are a prerequisite for further analysis of nonverbal behaviour initiated by opposite-sex strangers in the contemporary media dating context.Key words: nonverbal communication, face-to-face encounters, initiating romantic relationship, media context, dating culture, reality dating show, interpersonal interaction. Мета. Метою статті є аналіз впливу ґендеру на тактильну поведінку у змішаній діаді в рамках сучасного романтичного медіадискурсу на етапі ініціації романтичних відносин. Порівняльне дослідження демонструє нові уявлення про ґендерно-нейтральні і ґендерно-специфічні такесичні засоби комунікації, ініційовані комунікантами під час романтичного знайомства. Методи дослідження. Гібридний підхід (індуктивний і дедуктивний) до тематичного аналізу було застосовано для інтерпретації кодів невербальних засобів комунікації. Тематичний аналіз охоплював шість етапів кодування, за результатами якого було розроблено кодову книгу. Якісний інтерактивний соціолінгвістичний і кількісний аналіз, а також метод статистичної оцінки гіпотез (критерій хі-квадрат Пірсона) використовувались з метою розкриття статистичних закономірностей функціо-нування такесичних засобів комунікації. Результати. Вибірка дослідження становила 24 групи тактильної поведінки, до яких увійшли 557 зразків фемінних і 302 зразки маскулінних такесичних засобів комунікації. Виявлені засоби комунікації було згруповано відповідно до фокусу об’єкта на самоорієнтовані (8 груп) і контакто-орієнтовані (16 груп). За результатами дослідження очікувані ґендерні від-мінності були частково підтримані з урахуванням показника вагомості впливу. До ґендерно-нейтральних віднесено 11 груп такесичних засобів комунікації: 4 групи самоорієнтованих (розправляння одягу, тримання рук спереду, гра з волоссям, тримання рук за спиною) і 7 груп контакто-орієнтованих (інтимні обійми, рука в руці, рукостискання, поцілунок у щоку, обійми з поплескуванням, танець, тримання під руку). До ґендерно-специфічних віднесено 13 груп такесичних засобів комунікації: 4 групи самоорієнтованих (плескання в долоні – ініційовано лише чоловіками; рука на серці, закриття руками обличчя, покусування нижньої губи – ініційовано лише жінками) і 9 груп контакто-орієнтованих (поцілунок руки, здіймання жінки на руки, селфі – ініційовано лише чоловіками; ласка, поцілунок у губи, пестощі носами, масаж плечей, годування партнера з рук, стрибки на руки партнеру – ініційовано лише жінками).Висновки. Порівняльний аналіз встановив, що жінки надають перевагу руці в руці (φ = 0,35), грі з волоссям (φ = 0,28), інтимним обіймам (φ = 0,23), триманню рук спереду (φ = 0,18), обіймам з поплескуванням (φ = 0,12), руці на серці і закрит-тю руками обличчя; чоловіки надають перевагу розправлянню одягу (φ = 0,1) і поцілунку руки; тотожними є рукостискання і поцілунок у щоку. Отримані дані є передумовою для подальшого аналізу невербальних засобів комунікації, ініційованих під час первинної міжособистісної інтеракції в рамках романтичного медіадискурсу. Ключові слова:невербальна комунікація, знайомство віч-на-віч, ініціація романтичних відносин, медіапростір, дейтинг культура, реаліті дейтинг-шоу, міжособистісна інтеракція.