scholarly journals Seismic Anisotropy at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thomas Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Seismic Anisotropy ◽  
The West ◽  
Study Region ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
Gravitational Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

<p>To determine the stress state in the southern North Island of New Zealand, we use shear wave splitting analysis to measure seismic anisotropy and infer the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress directions (Shmax) in the crust. We use data recorded by 44 temporary seismometers deployed as part of the Seismic Array Hikurangi Experiment, and from six permanent stations from the national GeoNet network. Using 425 local earthquake events recorded across the 50 stations we made 13,807 measurements of the two splitting parameters, φ (fast direction) and δt (delay time). These measurements are compared to SHmax directions obtained from previous focal mechanism studies (SfocalHmax), and stresses due to the weight of topography (SgravHmax). Generally there is good agreement between the alignment of SfocalHmax, SgravHmax, and the mean φ measured at each station. We also find a∼ 90◦ change in the trend of φ in the Wairarapa region for stations across the Wairarapa Fault trace. Based on the variation of φ, we divide the study region into three regions (West, Basin, and East), whose bounds approximately coincide with the Wairarapa and Dry Creek faults. We find the average φ of the West region average agrees with previous anisotropy studies, which were undertaken within the bounds of the West region on the Tararua array. Also, we use our delay time measurements to estimate a 3.7±1.2% strength of anisotropy in the overriding Australian Plate, which agrees with the 4% crustal anisotropy measured previously. There is close alignment of the region average φ of the West and East regions, which also agrees with the deep splitting measurements previously obtained. There is no significant difference between the mean φ and Sgravhmax for the West and Basin regions; however, we find a difference of 31± 19.5◦ for the East region. We argue that this difference is due to tectonic loading stresses being sufficiently large in the East region to cause the total stress field to deviate from the gravitational stress field.</p>

scholarly journals Seismic Anisotropy at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thomas Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Stress Field ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Seismic Anisotropy ◽  
The West ◽  
Study Region ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
Gravitational Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

<p>To determine the stress state in the southern North Island of New Zealand, we use shear wave splitting analysis to measure seismic anisotropy and infer the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress directions (Shmax) in the crust. We use data recorded by 44 temporary seismometers deployed as part of the Seismic Array Hikurangi Experiment, and from six permanent stations from the national GeoNet network. Using 425 local earthquake events recorded across the 50 stations we made 13,807 measurements of the two splitting parameters, φ (fast direction) and δt (delay time). These measurements are compared to SHmax directions obtained from previous focal mechanism studies (SfocalHmax), and stresses due to the weight of topography (SgravHmax). Generally there is good agreement between the alignment of SfocalHmax, SgravHmax, and the mean φ measured at each station. We also find a∼ 90◦ change in the trend of φ in the Wairarapa region for stations across the Wairarapa Fault trace. Based on the variation of φ, we divide the study region into three regions (West, Basin, and East), whose bounds approximately coincide with the Wairarapa and Dry Creek faults. We find the average φ of the West region average agrees with previous anisotropy studies, which were undertaken within the bounds of the West region on the Tararua array. Also, we use our delay time measurements to estimate a 3.7±1.2% strength of anisotropy in the overriding Australian Plate, which agrees with the 4% crustal anisotropy measured previously. There is close alignment of the region average φ of the West and East regions, which also agrees with the deep splitting measurements previously obtained. There is no significant difference between the mean φ and Sgravhmax for the West and Basin regions; however, we find a difference of 31± 19.5◦ for the East region. We argue that this difference is due to tectonic loading stresses being sufficiently large in the East region to cause the total stress field to deviate from the gravitational stress field.</p>

Reproductive performance of the West African Dwarf and the Nungua Black Head sheep of Ghana

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. O. Ngere ◽  
G. Aboagye
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Black Head ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dwarf Type ◽  
West African Dwarf Sheep ◽  
Dwarf Sheep

ABSTRACTA study was made of some aspects of reproduction in the Nungua Black Head and the Ghanian variety of the West African Dwarf sheep. The gestation period of the two breeds was similar: 150 and 148 days respectively. Ewes mated in August and September tended to have slightly longer gestation periods than those mated in March. The mean birth weights were 2·2 kg in the Nungua Black Head and 13 kg in the West African Dwarf. Type of birth affected the weight of lambs at birth. The Nungua Black Head had no triplets, 0·132 twins and 0·868 singles. The West African Dwarf was more prolific: 0·402 singles, 0·557 twins and 0·041 triplets. The weight advantage of the Nungua Black Head lambs at birth was maintained to weaning and they also had better survival rates. The adjusted 12-week weaning weights averaged 9·8 and 5·8 kg respectively for the Nungua Black Head and West African Dwarf. What the West African Dwarf lost in individual weight it appeared to make up in numbers so that, when the breeds were compared in terms of kg of lamb weaned per ewe mated, there was no significant difference between them.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Therapeutic Nutrition Knowledge of Belizean Nurses

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Marcia Magnus
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
The West ◽  
Nutrition And Diabetes ◽  
West Region ◽  
Nutritional Guidance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Correct Response Rate

In Belize, patients rely on nurses for nutritional guidance on non-communicable diseases in the Caribbean. The objectives of this study were to quantify the therapeutic nutritional knowledge of 198 Belizean nurses using the Al-Shwaiyat questionnaire. The mean correct response rate for the therapeutic nutritional knowledge was suboptimal (53.30%±17.20). Nurses in the West region of the country had the highest mean knowledge scores on nutrition and diabetes 75.41±20.10, p=0.003; on nutrition and cardiovascular diseases 57.23±10.90, p=0.000; and in overall knowledge 62.34±9.76 p=0.000. Nurses without a diagnosis of diabetes had higher mean knowledge scores on a) nutrition and diabetes 63.86±26.07, p=0.001; b) nutrition and obesity questions 49.55±20.80, p=0.004; c) nutrition and cardiovascular disease 53.30±15.70, p=0.007 and d), overall mean 55.24±16.67, p=0.000. There is a need to address the low levels of knowledge of Belizean nurses.

scholarly journals Economic growth, regional convergence, human capital, research and development, turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
Hakki Bolkol
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Regional Convergence ◽  
The West ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
Positive Effect

This study analyzes convergence among regions of Turkey from an endogenous growth perspective. The results show that human capital, which is represented with R&D personnel, has a negative impact on economic growth in the regions based on its percentage in total employment. Moreover, we find that there is an estimated U-shaped relationship, which implies that if the percentage of R&D personnel in total employment increases after a certain level, the effect has a tendency of turning positive; the west region is especially closer to having a positive effect. However, regarding convergence, the relatively high-income west is closer to experiencing the positive effect of R&D personnel. Moreover, due to the relatively low percentage of R&D personnel in the east region, the economic growth of the east region is more negatively affected by R&D personnel. Therefore, using a strategy that is based on increasing the percentage of R&D personnel cannot help the east region to close the differences in income.

scholarly journals Does the Region of Diagnosis Correlate with Overall Survival in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) - a SEER Review of AML Diagnosis from 2004 - 2007

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1291-1291
Author(s):  
Utkarsh H Acharya ◽  
Mohammed N Kanaan ◽  
Haiyan Cui ◽  
Denise J Roe
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Seer Database ◽  
The West ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Abstract Background: Epidemiologic features accounting for poor outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been under-reported in the literature. Although it is generally accepted that AML portends an ominous prognosis, there is a paucity of understanding in the etiology and risk factors attributing to such poor outcomes in this condition. We aimed to study the epidemiology and survival outcome of AML and its correlation with the region of diagnosis by reviewing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program (SEER database). Methods: A SEER database (version 8.1.5) review was performed for all age groups with an International Classification of Diseases in Oncology (ICD-O-3) diagnosis of histologically confirmed non acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-AML from 2004 -2007. Age of included patients ranged from 15 years to 90 years. Collected variables included date of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, location of diagnosis, reported intervals of follow up, and 3- year overall survival (OS). Primary outcome was 3-year OS correlation with the region/state of diagnosis. All SEER Registries were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed using Kaplan Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: A total of 13,238 pts with non APL-AML were identified between 2004 and 2007. The mean age of the overall study population was 61.6 years. The Caucasian to non-Caucasian race ratio was 5:1 and male to female ratio was 7:6. The 3-year OS was 24% in the West region (CA, WA, HA, AL and UT). Patients in East region (NJ, CT) had better 3-year OS (24.5%) when compared with patients in West region. However, patients in Midwest (MI,IW and KY) and South regions (GA, NM and LA) had worse 3-year OS when compared to the West region ( 21.2% and 23.2 % respectively). The 3 year OS was statistically associated with region of diagnosis (P= 0.0003). This conclusion held after adjusting for race, gender, and age with statistical significance (P = 0.0165). Furthermore, the 3 year OS was statistically significant for its association with ethnicity as non-Caucasian groups had better OS compared with Caucasian populations (HR 0.92). However, after adjusting for region, gender and age, the association between OS and ethnicity was not significant (P = 0.588). Conclusion: Non APL-AML OS was statistically associated with the region of diagnosis and presumed treatment based on analysis of all available data. The patients in East region had better survival compared with patients in West region (HR 0.96). However, the patients in South and Midwest regions had poorer survival when compared with the West region (HR 1.01 and 1.13, respectively). This survival difference was statistically significant after adjusting for other confounding factors including age, race and gender. Also the difference in OS among different patient racial populations was not significant when adjusted for the region of diagnosis and treatment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The Impact of Financial Market Development on Agricultural Factor Misallocation: Household-Level Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Song Liu ◽  
Xiongzhi Wang ◽  
Mengyuan Yang ◽  
Ziling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Market Development ◽  
The West ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
Financial Market Development ◽  
The Impact

We study the impact of financial market development on the allocation of agricultural factors in China, using national household-level survey data from 2010 to 2014. Our empirical results show the following: (1) the prices of capital and labor are negatively distorted, whereas the price of land is positively distorted; (2) the east region of China has the lowest efficiency of agricultural factor allocation; (3) the breadth of financial market development improves the agricultural factor allocation in all three regions in China, whereas the depth of financial market development only enhances the agricultural factor allocation in the west region of China. Our study presents the very first microlevel evidence on the extent of agricultural factor misallocation in China. Moreover, our results inform policymakers’ choice of prioritizing whether the breadth or the depth of the financial market alleviates agricultural factor misallocation.

Trends in Snowfall versus Rainfall in the Western United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 4545-4559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Knowles ◽  
Michael D. Dettinger ◽  
Daniel R. Cayan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Western United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Trend ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Climate Shifts ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The water resources of the western United States depend heavily on snowpack to store part of the wintertime precipitation into the drier summer months. A well-documented shift toward earlier runoff in recent decades has been attributed to 1) more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow and 2) earlier snowmelt. The present study addresses the former, documenting a regional trend toward smaller ratios of winter-total snowfall water equivalent (SFE) to winter-total precipitation (P) during the period 1949–2004. The trends toward reduced SFE are a response to warming across the region, with the most significant reductions occurring where winter wet-day minimum temperatures, averaged over the study period, were warmer than −5°C. Most SFE reductions were associated with winter wet-day temperature increases between 0° and +3°C over the study period. Warmings larger than this occurred mainly at sites where the mean temperatures were cool enough that the precipitation form was less susceptible to warming trends. The trends toward reduced SFE/P ratios were most pronounced in March regionwide and in January near the West Coast, corresponding to widespread warming in these months. While mean temperatures in March were sufficiently high to allow the warming trend to produce SFE/P declines across the study region, mean January temperatures were cooler, with the result that January SFE/P impacts were restricted to the lower elevations near the West Coast. Extending the analysis back to 1920 shows that although the trends presented here may be partially attributable to interdecadal climate variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation, they also appear to result from still longer-term climate shifts.

The impact of comorbidities, regional trends, and hospital factors on discharge dispositions and hospital costs after acoustic neuroma microsurgery: a United States nationwide inpatient data sample study (2005–2009)

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. E3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Sonig ◽  
Imad Saeed Khan ◽  
Rishi Wadhwa ◽  
Jai Deep Thakur ◽  
Anil Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcome ◽  
Acoustic Neuroma ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
The West ◽  
West Region ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
Acoustic Neuroma Surgery ◽  
The Mean

Object Hospitalization cost and patient outcome after acoustic neuroma surgery depend on several factors. There is a paucity of data regarding the relationship between demographic features such as age, sex, race, insurance status, and patient outcome. Apart from demographic factors, there are several hospital-related factors and regional issues that can affect outcomes and hospital costs. To the authors' knowledge, no study has investigated the issue of regional disparity across the country in terms of cost of hospitalization and discharge disposition. Methods The authors analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database over the years 2005–2009. Several variables were analyzed from the database, including patient demographics, comorbidities, and surgical complications. Hospital variables, such as bedsize, rural/urban location, teaching status, federal or private ownership, and the region, were also examined. Patient outcome and increased hospitalization costs were the dependent variables studied. Results A total of 2589 admissions from 242 hospitals were analyzed from the NIS data over the years 2005–2009. The mean age was 48.99 ± 13.861 years (± SD), and 304 (11.7%) of the patients were older than 65 years. The cumulative cost incurred by the hospitals from 2005 to 2009 was $948.77 million. The mean expenditure per admission was $76,365.09 ± $58,039.93. The mean total charges per admission rose from $59,633.00 in 2005 to $97,370.00 in 2009. The factors that predicted most significantly with other than routine (OTR) disposition outcome were age older than 65 years (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.411–3.518; p < 0.001), aspiration pneumonia (OR 16.085, 95% CI 4.974–52.016; p < 0.001), and meningitis (OR 11.299, 95% CI 3.126–40.840; p < 0.001). When compared with patients with Medicare and Medicaid, patients with private insurance had a protective effect against OTR disposition outcome. Higher comorbidities predicted independently for OTR disposition outcome (OR 1.409, 95% CI 1.072–1.852; p = 0.014). The West region predicted negatively for OTR disposition outcome. Large hospitals were independently associated with higher hospital charges (OR 4.269, 95% CI 3.106–5.867; p < 0.001). The West region had significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean hospital charges than the other regions. Patient factors such as meningitis and aspiration pneumonia were strong independent predictors of increased hospital charges (p < 0.001). Higher comorbidities (OR 1.297, 95% CI 1.036–1.624; p = 0.023) and presence of neurofibromatosis Type 2 (OR 2.341, 95% CI 1.479–3.707; p < 0.001) were associated with higher hospital charges. Conclusions The authors' study shows that several factors can affect patient outcome and hospital charges for patients who have undergone acoustic neuroma surgery. Factors such as younger age, higher ZIP code income, less comorbidity, private insurance, elective surgery, and the West region predicted for better disposition outcome. However, the West region, higher comorbidities, and weekend admissions were associated with higher hospitalization costs.

scholarly journals Last Survey of Mycoplasma Bovis Prevalence in Polish Cattle Affected with Respiratory Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dudek ◽  
Dariusz Bednarek
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
West Region ◽  
South West ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
South West Region

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis infection in clinical cases of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in 2011. There were examined 841 serum samples and 41 nasal swabs and lungs of cattle from different farms of six regions of Poland (13 provinces). The obtained results indicated that the mean prevalence of M. bovis infection in Polish cattle population suffering from BRD was 64.3% and among them 8.4% of the animals were highly positive. On the other hand, in particular regions, it altered - 72.0% in east region, 52.7% in central region, 66.4% in south region, 64.1% in north-west region, 56.5% in north region, and 58.8% in south-west region. It should be added that within the presented regions, the highest values (82.4%) were reported in south region (Malopolskie province), whereas the lowest ones (42.9%) were in east region (Lubelskie province). However, field strains of M. bovis were isolated from the lungs of affected cattle only in the north-west region of Poland (Zachodniopomorskie province).

Vowel Recognition Threshold as a Function of Temporal Segmentations

1970 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Powell ◽  
Oscar Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Recognition Threshold ◽  
Vowel Sound ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vowel Recognition ◽  
Temporal Segment

Vowels were segmented into 15 different temporal segments taken from the middle of the vowel and ranging from 4 to 60 msecs, then presented to 6 subjects with normal hearing. The mean temporal-segment recognition threshold of 15 msecs with a range from 9.3 msecs for the /u/ to 27.2 milliseconds for the /a/. Misidenti-fication of vowels was most often confused with the vowel sound adjacent to it on the vowel-hump diagram. There was no significant difference between the cardinal and noncardinal vowels.

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