scholarly journals Eco-efficient earth plasters: influence of clay content, sand particle size and support

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Santos ◽  
M. Idália Gomes ◽  
Flávia Coelho ◽  
Paulina Faria
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
High Mass Loss ◽  
Efficient Construction

Earth construction, including the use of earth mortars, has been extensively used in the past. However, with the appearance of hydraulic binders, the use of earth strongly decreased for new construction and even to repair old earth buildings, whose best solution would be the use of compatible materials such as earth mortars.Due to the innumerable advantages of earth and with the growing concern on eco-efficient construction, the interest on earth construction has resurfaced, namely on earth mortars.In order to optimize the composition of an earth plastering mortar made with a defined clayish earth and two siliceous sands with different particle size, six compositions were assessed. Mortars with different volumetric ratios were applied in two different supports (on the back of a tile and on a brick) and planar specimens were also produced. Distinct characteristics were assessed, such as their visual appearance, shrinkage, surface cohesion, surface hardness, dry abrasion resistance, ultrasonic velocity, adhesive strength and thermal conductivity.It is possible to conclude that a higher clay content in the earth mortar composition increases the shrinkage and occurrence of cracking, the use of fine sand promotes high mass loss by abrasion, and the same mortar applied in different supports behave differently in terms of durability.

PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL OF MINERAL MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS AS A SOIL PARTICLE SIZE PROXY/MAGNETINIŲ MINERALŲ MATAVIMŲ, SIEKIANT JAIS PAKEISTI GRANULIOMETRINĖS SUDĖTIES ANALIZĘ, PROBLEMOS IR POTENCIALAS/ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МАГНИТНЫХ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ МИНЕРАЛОВ ДЛЯ ЗАМЕНЫ АНАЛИЗА ГРАНУЛОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПОЧВЫ

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A. Booth ◽  
Michael A. Fullen ◽  
John Walden ◽  
Annie T. Worsley ◽  
Saulius Marcinkonis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Particle Size Effects ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Mineral Magnetic

The use of mineral magnetic concentration parameters (χLF, χARM and SIRM) as a potential particle size proxy for soil samples collected from the Isle of Man (British Isles) is explored as an alternative means of normalizing particle size effects. Comparison of soil‐related analytical data by correlation analyses between each magnetic parameter and individual particle size classes (i.e. sand, silt and clay), more discrete intervals within classes (e.g. fine sand or medium silt) and cumulative size fractions (e.g. clay + fine silt) are reported. Both χLF and χARMparameters reveal significant (p < 0.05; n = 46), but relatively weak (rs = 0.297 and 0.369), associations with clay content, while χLF, χARM and SIRM parameters have no significant relationship with sand and silt content or any discrete or cumulative size fractions. Contrary to earlier research findings, this indicates that magnetic measurements are not always a suitable particle size proxy and it is only certain environments and/or specific settings that are appropriate for granulometric normalization by this technique. However, if future researchers working in other soil settings can identify a formal predictable relationship, the technique is known to offer a simple, reliable, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and non‐destructive approach that could be a valuable particle size proxy for normalizing particle size effects in soil contamination studies. Santrauka Tyrimuose atskleistas mineralų magnetinių koncentracijos parametrų panaudojimas (χLF, χARM ir SIRM) kaip potencialiai alternatyvus metodas granuliometrinės sudėties nustatymo analizei Isle of Man (Britų salos) surinktiems dirvožemio pavyzdžiams tirti ir dalelių dydžio reiškiniui normalizuoti. Aprašytas su dirvožemiu susijusių analizinių duomenų palyginimas koreliacinių analizių būdu, t. y. tarp kiekvieno magnetizmo parametro ir atskirų dydžių dalelių frakcijų (t. y. smėlio, dulkių ir dumblo) ir tarpinių šių intervalų frakcijų (pavyzdžiui, smulkaus smėlio ar vidutinio rupumo dulkių) ir jungtinių frakcijų (pavyzdžiui, dumblo + smulkių dulkių). Tiek χLF, tiek χARM parametrai atskleidžia reikšmingas (p <0,05; n = 46), bet palyginti nereikšmingas (rs = 0,297 ir 0,369) ryšių asociacijas su dumblo kiekiu, o χLF, χARM ir SIRM parametrai neturi reikšmingų priklausomybių nuo smėlio ir dulkių kiekių, nei su atskiromis ar jungtinėmis dalelių dydžių frakcijomis. Priešingai ankstyvesniems tyrinėjimų rezultatams, tai rodo, kad magnetiniai matavimai ne visada yra tinkama alternatyva granuliometrinės sudėties analizei pakeisti ir tiktai tam tikroje, specifinėje aplinkoje yra tinkami granuliometrinei sudėčiai normalizuoti. Tačiau jei ateityje tyrėjai, tiriantys kitas dirvožemio savybes, nustatytų proporcingas prognozuojamas priklausomybes, šis matavimų metodas siūlo paprastą, patikimą, greitą, tikslų, nebrangų ir neardomąjį metodą, kuris galėtų būti vertinga granuliometrinės analizės alternatyva normalizuojant dalelių dydžio reiškinius studijuojant užterštus dirvožemius. Резюме Исследована возможность использования магнитных параметров (χLF, χARM и SIRM) как альтернативного потенциального метода для определения гранулометрического состава почв, отобранных в Isle of Man (Британские острова), и нормализирования эффекта по величине частиц. Описано сравнение связанных с почвой аналитических данных на основе метода корреляционного анализа, т. е. между каждым параметром магнетизма и частиц отдельных фракций (песок, пыль, глина) и промежуточных фракций этих интервалов (например, глина + мелкая пыль). Параметры как χLF, так и χARM показывают существенную (p <0.05; n = 46), однако сравнительно слабую (rs = 0.297 ir 0.369) связь с количеством пыли, в то время как параметры χLF, χARM и SIRM не имели существенной зависимости от количества глины и песчаных частиц как для отдельных, так и для смешанных фракций. В отличие от результатов предыдущих исследований данные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что магнитные измерения не всегда являются приемлемой альтернативой для замены метода определения гранулометрического состава и лишь в определенных специфических условиях могут применяться для этого. Если в будущем исследователи, изучающие другие свойства почвы, смогут установить пропорциональные прогнозируемые зависимости, этот магнитный метод измерения сможет применяться, так как он предлагает простой, достоверный, быстрый, точный, недорогой и неизменяющийся способ, который может быть альтернативой анализа гранулометрического состава с целью нормализации эффекта величины частиц при изучении загрязненных почв.

scholarly journals Fractal dimension of particle-size distribution and their relationships with alkalinity properties of soils in the western Songnen Plain, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Bai ◽  
Yan Qin ◽  
Xinrui Lu ◽  
Jitao Zhang ◽  
Guoshuang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Songnen Plain

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the fractal dimension and their relationships with alkalinity properties of soils, and to evaluate the potential of fractal dimension as an indicator of alkalinity properties of soil. Six soils with an increasing salinity (electrical conductivity was 0.09, 0.18, 0.62, 0.78, 1.57 and 1.99 dS m−1, respectively) were selected from the western part of the Songnen Plain (China). Salt content, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio and other properties of the soils were determined and the soil particle-size distribution (0–2000 μm) was measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyser. Our results show that the overall fractal dimension of the selected soils ranged from 2.35 to 2.60. A linear regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between fractal dimension and the amount of coarse sand and fine sand (r =  − 0.5452, P < 0.05 and r =  − 0.8641, P < 0.01, respectively), and a significant positive correlation with silt and clay (r = 0.9726, P < 0.01 and r = 0.9526, P < 0.01, respectively). Thus, soils with higher silt and clay content have higher fractal dimension values. Strong linear relationships between fractal dimension and salt content (P < 0.05), in particular a very significant positive relationship with HCO3− (P < 0.01), also exist. It is therefore possible to conclude that a soil’s fractal dimension could serve as a potential indicator of soil alkalization and the variability in alkaline soil texture.

scholarly journals Mineralogy (XRD)

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-119
Author(s):  
Ali Al-Dousari ◽  
Muntha Bahbahani
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Mineral Concentrations ◽  
Mineral Constituents

Abstract The two main particle size components of the dust samples were subjected to mineralogical analysis to identify the mineral constituents and determine their frequency percentage in each textural class; the fine sand (particle size between 0.125 and 0.063 mm) and Mud (less than 0.063 mm). The average percentage of minerals was mapped out for each season i.e. March, June, September and December 2010 showing the high and low mineral concentration in areas in Kuwait covering the mineral concentrations of Calcite, Carbonate, clay minerals, dolomite, feldspars, and quartz.

Effects of Sand Bed Anti-Vibration Mount on Transmitted Noise from Portable On-Site Electricity Generator

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
A.S. Aremu ◽  
T.K. Amao ◽  
O.A. Mokuolu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Level Meter ◽  
Vibration Noise

This study investigated the effect of different particle sizes of sand bed anti-vibration mount on transmitted noise from a portable on-site electricity generator. Ten sand bed anti-vibration mounts, 650mm x 650mm in cross section and 75mm thickness were prepared with particle sizes ranging from 0.09 to 2.30mm. Noise measurements were taken in the four cardinal directions using Extech HD600 digital sound level meter. The results of the study showed that the ability of the sand particles to dampen vibration noise from the portable electricity generator reduces with increase in particle size. The sand bed anti-vibration mounts reduced noise levels by 0.11 to 2.78 dB(A). However, fine sand bed of particle size 0.09mm and 0.15mm exhibited superiority in noise reduction over all other sand beds. In order to achieve appreciable noise reduction, the use of ISO 14688-1:2002 fine sand category is recommended as anti-vibration mount in combination with other damping methods. Keywords: Electricity generator, noise, sand, particle size and attenuation

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Groutability of Sand Layer concerning Permeation Grouting

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yan-Xu Guo ◽  
Qing-Song Zhang ◽  
Lian-Zhen Zhang ◽  
Ren-Tai Liu ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sand Particle ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Permeation Grouting ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Grouting Pressure ◽  
Relative Density Of Sand

Permeation grouting is widely used in grouting engineering because of its low grouting pressure and minor disturbance to the stratum. However, influenced by the complex properties of sand layer and slurry, an accurate prediction of the groutability of the sand layer remains to be a hard work. In this paper, the permeability of sand layer is studied based on a self-designed permeation grouting test device, which considers the different sand particle size, relative density of sand layer, slurry water-cement ratio, and clay content. The influencing factors of sand layer groutability are analyzed, and the different parameters that affect the grouting of sand layer are evaluated, thus proposing a new approach to predict the groutability of sand layer. Results show that the sand particle size and slurry water-cement ratio are positively related to the groutability of sand layer, and the relative density and clay content of sand layer are negatively correlated with the groutability of sand layer. The proposed alternative empirical formula to estimate the groutability of sand layer will help predict the groutability of sand layer with a higher degree of accuracy, which can provide a certain reference for engineering.

scholarly journals THERMAL MODIFICATION OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD AND USE FOR FLOORS OF LOW TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENTS

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Claudio Gumane Francisco Juizo ◽  
Marcio Pereira Da Rocha ◽  
Ana Clara Moreira Morais ◽  
Carolina Nogueira Xavier ◽  
Mônica Bezerra De Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Ball Impact ◽  
Distributed Load ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
High Mass Loss ◽  
Low Traffic

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermal modification on surface hardness and depressions by applying loads to obtain floors for low traffic environments. Four clones were used from which logs were obtained and split into boards dried in time, and grouped for testing in their natural condition (NT) and thermally modified at 200 degrees Celsius for four hours (T) in a schedule with a heating of 1 degree per minute, on electric oven. Then in the samples from each clone were evaluated the mass loss, specific gravity, lignin and holocelluloses content, Janka hardness, fall ball impact depressions, distributed load depressions, and concentrated load depressions using track equipment which transfer a load of 890N to the woods at a speed of 0.06 ms-1. In the results verified high mass loss in the E. grandis x E. urophylla clone from controlled polination. The lignin contents showed increases and holocelluloses contents showed significant decreases after thermal modification. There was a reduction in Janka hardness in the woods with the exception of E. urophylla clone which presented lower depressions in the fall ball test after thermal modification. Verified increasing in depressions in the concentrated and distributed load tests, after thermal modification. And the E. urophylla clone presented lower depressions after 25 and 50 passes respectively, being the most recommended for obtaining floors for saunas, garden decks, swimming pools as it does not require high loading requirements.

scholarly journals The globular cluster system of the Auriga simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (1) ◽  
pp. 638-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo L R Halbesma ◽  
Robert J J Grand ◽  
Facundo A Gómez ◽  
Federico Marinacci ◽  
Rüdiger Pakmor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Globular Cluster ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Solar Radius ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
High Mass Loss ◽  
Globular Cluster System ◽  
Varying Mass

ABSTRACT We investigate whether the galaxy and star formation model used for the Auriga simulations can produce a realistic globular cluster (GC) population. We compare statistics of GC candidate star particles in the Auriga haloes with catalogues of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) GC populations. We find that the Auriga simulations do produce sufficient stellar mass for GC candidates at radii and metallicities that are typical for the MW GC system (GCS). We also find varying mass ratios of the simulated GC candidates relative to the observed mass in the MW and M31 GCSs for different bins of galactocentric radius metallicity (rgal–[Fe/H]). Overall, the Auriga simulations produce GC candidates with higher metallicities than the MW and M31 GCS and they are found at larger radii than observed. The Auriga simulations would require bound cluster formation efficiencies higher than 10 per cent for the metal-poor GC candidates, and those within the Solar radius should experience negligible destruction rates to be consistent with observations. GC candidates in the outer halo, on the other hand, should either have low formation efficiencies, or experience high mass-loss for the Auriga simulations to produce a GCS that is consistent with that of the MW or M31. Finally, the scatter in the metallicity as well as in the radial distribution between different Auriga runs is considerably smaller than the differences between that of the MW and M31 GCSs. The Auriga model is unlikely to give rise to a GCS that can be consistent with both galaxies.

scholarly journals Calcium, magnesium and potassium in mineral soils from the southern half of Finland

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Mineral Soils

210 samples of mineral soils from the southern half of Finland with mainly an acid precambrian bedrock, were analysed for the total contents of Ca, Mg and K, and for the portion of these nutrients which could be exchanged by N NH4OAc (pH 7), dissolved by 0.1 N HCI at room temperature, or released by N HCI at 50° C. The total content of Ca was lowest in samples of heavy clay, 0.78±0.14 % in the surface soils and 0.92±0.10 % in the deeper layers. The mean content in the groups of other soils was at least about 1.1 %. The total content of Mg increased with an increase in the clay content (r = 0.81***). It ranged from 0.6±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand samples to 1.53±0.19 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 1.89±0.12 % in those of the deeper layers. Also in the groups of loam and silt soils and of the coarser clay soils, respectively, the Mg content was in the deeper layers higher than in the surface soils. The total content of K also increased with the clay content (r=0.73***) from 1.7±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand soils to 2.74±0.21 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 3.10±0.07 % in those of the deeper layers. The portion of exchangeable Ca was relatively high: in the groups of surface soils from more than one tenth to one third of the total amount. The corresponding average amounts released by even the more drastic treatment with acid were not markedly higher. Only a few per cents of total Mg were exchangeable and slightly higher amounts were dissolved by 0.1 N HCI, whereas the treatment with N HCI at 50° C released about half of the total Mg. Exchangeable K and K dissolved by 0,1 N HCI did not exceed 1 % of the total K, except slightly in the heavy clay soils; the average amounts released by N HCI ranged from 5 to 18 % of the total K. The plant availability of these nutrients was discussed.

scholarly journals The properties of river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain

2017 ◽  
pp. 293-303
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Perets ◽  
Oksana Vovk ◽  
Oleh Orlov ◽  
Olena Lutsyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Floodplain Soil

Alluvial soil formation is a dynamic process, the main prerequisite of which is the regular, periodic flooding of the river floodplain with flood waters, which are enriched with multidispersed organic and mineral particles. During the last century, about 80 % of territory of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain was transformed by means of hydrotechnical construction: waterproof dams and drainage channels have broken the wide river floodplains into isolated fragments, making impossible the free flow of flood waters, enriched with silt. The results of the study of stratification patterns of the river silt in the riverbed floodplain, depending on the flow velocity, granulometric composition, physical and chemical properties, given its role in the floodplain soil formation are given. The granulometric composition of the Dniester River silt changes downstream from the sandy to the heavy-loamy; In the floodplains of the Stryj and Svicha rivers medium- and heavy-loamy deposits are postponed, respectively. In the upper part of the Upper- Dniester alluvial plain (Chaikovichi 1, 2) accumulates a silt with predominance of the medium and fine sand fraction, which forms a good filtration ability of soils, whereas downstream the physical clay content increases (up to 47.2 %), which makes the river silt an important source of mineral nutrition of plants. The domination (over 40 %)in silt granulometric composition the rough dust fraction (Ustia 1, Zalisky 1) contributes to the improvement of the water-physical properties of alluvial soils and provides optimal conditions for the biota functioning. For the investigated river alluviums an alkaline reaction of the extract (pH (H2O) = 7,44–8,03) and low content of humus (0,54–3,80 %) are characteristic. The amount of nitrogen in the silt varies within 1,47–18,20 mg/100 g of soil. The river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain are an active factor in floodplain soil formation, since it optimizes the water-physical and physical-chemical properties of alluvial soils. But the influence area of silt on the soilsis sharply reduced and is limited only to the space in front of the dams. In the soils outside the dam, to which no fresh alluvial material comes, the hydrological regime is rebuilt and properties change substantially, up to the loss of their typological alluvial features. Key words: river alluviums, silt, floodplain, the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain, alluvial soils, hydrotechnical fragmentation.

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