scholarly journals Vaccines: World Health Organization versus Federal Drug Administration recommended formula

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
M. K. Khalil ◽  
Y. Y. Al Mazrou ◽  
Y. S. Al Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Federal Drug Administration ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polyribosylribitol Phosphate ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
To Receive

Vaccines produced in accordance with WHO formulas, differ in concentration from those used in United States according to FDA formulas. We aimed to compare the immunogenicity of both formulas. Infants who were 6 weeks old were randomly put into 3 groups to receive 3 doses of vaccines at 6 weeks, 3 months and 5 months of age. The vaccines consisted of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral polio vaccine. Antibody levels for polyribosylribitol phosphate [PRP], tetanus, diphtheria and poliovirus were measured 1 month after the third dose of vaccines. Although diphtheria and tetanus antigens in the FDA formula are half the concentration of the WHO formula, anti-tetanus and anti-diphtheria antibodies were significantly higher. No difference was found between groups regarding oral poliovirus vaccine

scholarly journals Post-polio eradication: vaccination strategies and options for India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayakrishnan Thayyil ◽  
Thejus Jayakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
International Health ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Health Organization

In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally. Since then, the initiative has reported dramatic progress in decreasing the incidence of poliomyelitis and limiting the geographical extent of transmission. 2013 is recorded as the second consecutive year not reporting wild poliovirus (WPV) from India. If the country can retain this position for one more year India will be declared as polio eradicated. What should be the future vaccination strategies? We searched and reviewed the full text of the available published literature on polio eradication via PubMed and examined Internet sources and websites of major international health agencies. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the main tool in the polio eradication program. Once WPV transmission is interrupted, the poliomyelitis will be caused only by OPV. India could expect 1 vaccine-associated paralytic polio per 4.2-4.6 million doses of OPV. Considering the threat of vaccine-derived viruses to polio eradication, WHO urged to develop a strategy to safely discontinue OPV after certification. The ultimate aim is to stop OPV safely and effectively, and eventually substitute with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The argument against the use of IPV is its cost. From India, field based data were available on the efficacy of IPV, which was better than OPV. IPV given intradermally resulted in seroconversion rates similar to full-dose intramuscular vaccine. The incremental cost of adopting IPV to replace OPV is relatively low, about US $1 per child per year, and most countries should be able to afford this additional cost.

scholarly journals Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Margaret M Peel
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to: Epidemic poliomyelitis, post-poliomyelitis sequelae and the eradication program

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Margaret M Peel
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health Organization

Epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio) first emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and the Scandinavian countries. They continued through the first half of the 20th century becoming global. A major epidemic occurred in Australia in 1951 but significant outbreaks were reported from the late 1930s to 1954. The poliovirus is an enterovirus that is usually transmitted by the faecal–oral route but only one in about 150 infections results in paralysis when the central nervous system is invaded. The Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) became available in Australia in 1956 and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was introduced in 1966. After decades of stability, many survivors of the earlier epidemics experience late-onset sequelae including post-polio syndrome. The World Health Organization launched the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in 1988 based on the easily administered OPV. The GPEI has resulted in a dramatic decrease in cases of wild polio so that only Pakistan and Afghanistan report such cases in 2020. However, a major challenge to eradication is the reversion of OPV to neurovirulent mutants resulting in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). A novel, genetically stabilised OPV has been developed recently to stop the emergence and spread of cVDPV and OPV is being replaced by IPV in immunisation programs worldwide. Eradication of poliomyelitis is near to achievement and the expectation is that poliomyelitis will join smallpox as dreaded epidemic diseases of the past that will be consigned to history.

scholarly journals The polio-eradication programme and issues of the end game

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization

Poliovirus causes paralytic poliomyelitis, an ancient disease of humans that became a major public-health issue in the 20th century. The primary site of infection is the gut, where virus replication is entirely harmless; the two very effective vaccines developed in the 1950s (oral polio vaccine, or OPV, and inactivated polio vaccine, or IPV) induce humoral immunity, which prevents viraemic spread and disease. The success of vaccination in middle-income and developing countries encouraged the World Health Organization to commit itself to an eradication programme, which has made great advances. The features of the infection, including its largely silent nature and the ability of the live vaccine (OPV) to evolve and change in vaccine recipients and their contacts, make eradication particularly challenging. Understanding the pathogenesis and virology of the infection is of major significance as the programme reaches its conclusion.

scholarly journals Insidious reintroduction of wild poliovirus into Israel, 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Anis ◽  
E Kopel ◽  
S R Singer ◽  
E Kaliner ◽  
L Moerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Southern District ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Health Organization

Israel was certified as polio-free country in June 2002, along with the rest of the World Health Organization European Region. Some 11 years later, wild-type polio virus 1 (WPV1) was isolated initially from routine sewage samples collected between 7 and 13 April 2013 in two cities in the Southern district. WPV1-specific analysis of samples indicated WPV1 introduction into that area in early February 2013. National supplementary immunisation with oral polio vaccine has been ongoing since August 2013.

Safety and Immunogenicity of PRP-T Combined with DTP: Excretion of Capsular Polysaccharide and Antibody Response in the Immediate Post-Vaccination Period

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-527
Author(s):  
Melanie A. Miller ◽  
Carlton K. Meschievitz ◽  
Gerard A. Ballanco ◽  
Robert S. Daum
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Type B ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To evaluate whether combining Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide covalently linked to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) in one syringe produced a vaccine that was safe and immunogenic. Design. Randomized clinical trial. Setting. Suburban New Orleans pediatric population. Participants. Convenience sample of 150 healthy infants. Methods. Enrollees were randomized to receive DTP and PRP-T in one injection (Group 1), DTP and PRP-T separately (Group 2), or DTP and H influenzae type b capsular saccharide coupled to a nontoxic variant of diphtheria toxin, CRM197, (HbOC) separately (Group 3) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. All infants received oral polio vaccine at 2 and 4 months of age. Parents were instructed to record side effects on a standardized form after each vaccine administration. Blood was drawn before each immunization and at 7 months of age; an additional blood and a urine specimen was obtained 2 to 3 days after one of the vaccination visits. Serum was assayed for H influenzae anticapsular antibody (anti-PRP), anti-pertussis toxoid, anti-fimbrial hemagglutinins, anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies, and antibody to polio viruses. Urine was assayed for H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. Results. The rate of occurrence of fever did not differ significantly between groups. Local swelling and erythema occurred more often at the administration site in Group 1 infants than at the DTP administration sites of infants in Groups 2 and 3 after the first and second vaccinations. The mean concentration of all antibodies we assayed did not differ significantly when Group 1 and 2 infants were compared. HbOC recipients (Group 3) had lower mean anti-H influenzae anticapsular antibody and higher mean anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus antibody concentrations after two and three doses compared with Group 1 and Group 2 infants. No group had a significant change in mean anti-PRP antibody concentration 2 to 3 days after vaccination with any dose. After vaccination, antigenuria occurred less frequently in Group 1 infants (54%, 78%, and 72% in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P < .01). Conclusions. Combining PRP-T and DTP produced a combination vaccine associated with a slight increase in the rate of erythema and swelling but with similar immunogenicity of the vaccine components and oral polio vaccine.

scholarly journals Survey of fox trappers in northern Alaska for rabies antibody

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Follmann ◽  
D. G. Ritter ◽  
M. Beller
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Alopex Lagopus ◽  
Arctic Foxes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Northern Alaska ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

SUMMARYThe purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern Alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In coastal Alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. Serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. All but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0·05 I.U./ml). Two of these had previously received rabies vaccine but one individual who had trapped for about 47 years with an estimated harvest of over 3000 foxes and who had never received pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccination had a rabies serum neutralizing antibody concentration of 2·30 I.U./ml. This represents the first report of an unvaccinated person acquiring rabies virus antibody with a titre above the 0·5 I.U./ml level considered acceptable by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Comparison of gelatin and HES 130/0.4 solution for fluid resuscitation in children with dengue shock syndrome

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Merry Mawardi ◽  
Tony Rampengan ◽  
Jeanette Manoppo ◽  
Novie Homenta Rampengan
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Fluid Resuscitation ◽  
Pulse Pressure ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Unusual Manifestation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
To Receive

Background Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is characterizedby severe vascular leakage and hemostasis disorder, which causesdeath in 1-5% of cases. World Health Organization managementguidelines for fluid resuscitation in DSS remain empirical, ratherthan evidence-based.Objective To as sess the efficacy of ge latin compared tohydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 solution for fluid resuscitationin children with DSS.Methods We performed a multi-centered, randomized study tocompare gelatin and HES 130/0.4 solution for resuscitation ofchildren with DSS. We randomly assigned 25 children with DSSto receive gelatin fluid and 25 children to receive HES 130/0.4.Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square and MannWhitneytests.Results More rapid increase in pulse pressure was noted insubjects treated with HES 130/0.4 compared to those treatedwith gelatin at 8 hours and 28 hours of therapy (P=0.037 andP=0.048). The decrease in hematocrit in subjects treated withHES 130/0.4 was faster than that of gelatin at 4 hours of therapy(P=0.001). One patient died due to an unusual manifestation ofDSS. Respiratory rate decreased faster in subjects treated withHES 130/0.4 than those treated with gelatin at 4 hours and 8hours of therapy (P< 0.05). Body temperature remained higherin subjects treated with gelatin than HES 130/0.4 at 36 hours and48 hours of therapy (P< 0.05). However, the decrease in plateletcounts in subjects treated with HES 130/0.4 was more than thatof gelatin (P=0.018).Conclusion HES 130/0.4 solution may be better for volume replacementcompared to gelatin and is safe for fluid resuscitationin children with DSS.

Determinants of variation in analgesic and opioid prescribing practice in an emergency department

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Heins, MD ◽  
Marianthe Grammas, BS ◽  
Janet Kaye Heins, RN, MSN, CRNP ◽  
Melissa W. Costello, MD ◽  
Kun Huang, MS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Practice Variation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Treatment Disparities ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Prescribing Practice ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
To Receive

Objective: Adequate treatment of patients’ pain is a top priority for the World Health Organization (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), and American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), but “adequate” is not clearly defined. Most previous studies of emergency department (ED) pain treatments have centered on musculoskeletal pain in terms of rates of analgesia and disparities in treatment based on race and age. This study will examine complaints of pain other than musculoskeletal and will focus on treatment disparities that may result from differences in patient and physician characteristics.Methods: This retrospective study is of ED patients 18 years and older with nonmusculoskeletal pain who were seen by ED faculty over a period of eight weeks. Logistic regression and c2 tests were performed to quantify effects of doctor, patient, and clinical characteristics on rates of ED analgesia, ED opioids, and analgesic prescriptions at discharge.Results: A total of 1,360 patients were included. There was wide variation in the type and frequency of ED analgesia depending on the attending doctor. For example, patients seen by one specific ED doctor were less than half as likely to receive any analgesia and seven times less likely to receive an opioid than those seen by another doctor. Age, race, doctor’s training and experience, and whether the patient had chronic pain were important predictors of ED analgesia. There were similar findings for ED opioids and discharge analgesics.Conclusion: Pain practices in EDs are highly variable and seem inadequate when measured against the goals of WHO, AMA, and ACEP. Patient age, race, and type of pain and the physician’s identity, training, and experience all contribute to practice variation. Further research is needed to identify the causes of these variations, and there is a need to develop interventions to standardize and improve pain assessment and treatment.

scholarly journals Immunization Coverage in Migrant School Children Along the Thailand-Myanmar Border

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1038-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiko Kaji ◽  
Daniel M. Parker ◽  
Cindy S. Chu ◽  
Wipa Thayatkawin ◽  
Jiraporn Suelaor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
School Based ◽  
Hard To Reach Populations ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Vaccination Completion

Abstract The objective of this project was to document and increase vaccine coverage in migrant school children on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Migrant school children (n = 12,277) were enrolled in a school-based immunization program in four Thai border districts. The children were evaluated for vaccination completion and timing, for six different vaccines: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG); Oral Polio vaccine (OPV); Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB); Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus vaccine (DTP); Measles Containing Vaccine or Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR); Tetanus and Diphtheria containing vaccine (Td). Vaccine coverage proportions for BCG, OPV3, DTP3, HepB3 and measles containing vaccine were 92.3, 85.3, 63.8, 72.2, and 90.9 % respectively. Most children were able to receive vaccines in a time appropriate manner. School-based immunization programs offer a suitable vaccine delivery mechanism for hard-to-reach populations. However, these data suggest overall low vaccine coverage in migrant populations. Further efforts toward improving appropriate vaccine coverage and methods of retaining documentation of vaccination in mobile migrant populations are necessary for improved health.

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